Koketsu - Koketsu

Japanese: 纐纈 - こうけち
Koketsu - Koketsu

It is the name given to tie-dyeing in the Nara period, but the character "kokatsu" is rarely used in documents from that time, and is simply written as "纈". It first appears in documents in the Engishiki, which was completed in the early Heian period (905), where it says "kokatsu (Chugū style) kokatsu (sake brewing style)". Later, in the Konjaku Monogatarishu, written at the end of the Heian period (early 12th century), there is a story about Jikaku Daishi visiting "Kokatsu Castle" in China, where human blood was squeezed to dye kokatsu. In yusoku, the word "kokatsu no mo" (kokatsu kimono) was used until the Edo period.

Looking at the Shosoin wares, the only actual materials of koketsu from the Nara period, the techniques are generally simple, and based on the existing materials, there are few types and little variation in the patterns. There are many kokuri-shibori with a meyui pattern, as well as maki-shibori, sew-shibori, and itajime-shibori, in which cloth is folded and clamped on both sides between small pieces of board, but compared to the three types of koketsu, rokkechi and kyokkechi, it is far inferior to these two in terms of the sophistication of the techniques and the variety of patterns. Most of the fabric is ashiginu, with little aya or hemp. Even in actual use, it is often used in less visible places, such as for clothing and the linings of bedding. However, because of this simplicity, even though kattu and katsura dropped out of the world of aristocratic clothing, which was entirely devoted to textiles, and fell into decline after the Heian period, the technique remained mainly in the clothing of ordinary people, and the tradition of tie-dyeing in Japan has been passed down. Even though "kattu" and "katsura" are words used in a general sense in an era when tie-dyeing techniques were simple and not yet subdivided, just as we say "tie-dyeing" today.

[Yamabe Tomoyuki]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

奈良時代の絞り染めに対する名称であるが、当時の文献には「纐纈」という字はほとんど用いられておらず、単に「纈」となっている。これが文献のうえに表れるのは、平安前期(905)に完成した『延喜式(えんぎしき)』で「纐纈(中宮式)甲纈(酒造式)」とある。下って平安末期(12世紀初頭)の『今昔物語集』に、慈覚大師が唐土で人血を絞って纐纈を染めている「纐纈城」を訪れる物語がある。また有職(ゆうそく)では「纐纈裳(こうけちのも)」ということばが、江戸時代まで行われている。

 奈良時代の纐纈の唯一の実物資料である正倉院のものをみると、技法は全体に素朴で、現存の資料による限りでは、その種類は少なく、文様も変化に乏しい。目交(めゆい)文風な括(くく)り絞りが多く、ほかには巻絞り、縫締め絞り、また裂地(きれじ)を折り畳んで両側から板の小片で挟み締める板締め絞りなどがあるが、三纈といわれるなかの﨟纈(ろうけち)、夾纈(きょうけち)と比べてみると、技術の精巧さや、文様の多様さにおいては、とうていこの二者には及ばない。生地(きじ)は絁(あしぎぬ)が多く、綾(あや)、麻は少ない。実際に使用されているところも、衣料や褥(じょく)の裏地など、あまり表だたないところが多い。しかしこの素朴さゆえに、平安時代以後に、﨟纈や夾纈が織物一辺倒の貴族服飾の世界から脱落、衰亡したなかにあって、主として庶民衣料のなかにその技術が残って、日本の絞り染めの伝統が受け継がれてきたということができる。「纈」「纐纈」といっても、それは結局、絞りの技術が素朴で細分化されていない時代に、今日われわれが「絞り染め」といっているように、総括的な意味で用いられたことばであろう。

[山辺知行]

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