Syringomyelia - Syringomyelia

Japanese: 脊髄空洞症 - せきずいくうどうしょう(英語表記)Syringomyelia
Syringomyelia - Syringomyelia

What is the disease?

In the center of the spinal cord Cerebrospinal fluid ( Nouseki zui station ) This disease is characterized by the formation of a cavity in the spinal cord, which compresses the spinal cord from the inside, causing various neurological symptoms. It can affect both men and women, and can be seen in people of all ages.

What is the cause?

The detailed mechanism by which the cavity forms is still not fully understood. Syringomyelia can be broadly classified according to its cause into 1) Chiari malformation (the lower end of the cerebellum is spine ( Spinal cord ) Syringomyelia due to a malformation that causes the spinal cord to droop and sink into the spinal cord. Adhesiveness ( Yuchakusei ) Syringomyelia associated with arachnoiditis (inflammation around the spinal cord that causes adhesions to the meninges), 3. Spinal cord tumors ( Spinal cord tumor ) 4) syringomyelia following spinal cord hemorrhage.

How symptoms manifest

Symptoms vary depending on the size and length of the cavity. Cervical spinal cord ( Economics ) Since it often occurs in the upper limbs, it often begins with pain or sensory loss in the upper limbs and hands, and as the cavity expands, it can lead to paralysis of the hands and arms. Muscle atrophy ( Kinishuku ) This can cause problems with walking, and even urination and defecation.

Sensory impairment in the upper limbs is characterized by: Thermal pain sensation ( On-line communication ) (Temperature and pain sensation) are impaired, but deep senses such as touch, vibration, and position sense are preserved ( Dissociative ( Kairisei ) Sensory impairment. This can mean that you feel the touch when someone pinches your arm hard, but you don't feel pain, or you don't feel the heat when you get burned.

Cavity Medulla oblongata ( Enzui ) If the condition spreads to the trachea (syringomyelia), facial sensory disturbances and swallowing disorders occur. This can cause difficulty in swallowing food or cause swallowed fluids to accidentally enter the trachea ( Aspiration ( Thank you ) ) may occur.

Testing and diagnosis

For diagnosis Cervical spine ( Watch ) This is useful for making a diagnosis (Figure 25). Special imaging techniques can be used in MRI to visualize the flow of spinal fluid, which is also useful for determining diagnosis and treatment methods. In addition, for syringomyelia associated with spinal tumors, a CT scan using contrast agents is performed.

Treatment methods

Symptoms such as sensory impairment are treated with medication. In the case of syringomyelia associated with Chiari malformation, Foramen magnum ( Daiko Toko ) A surgical procedure called decompression is performed to expand the space around the spinal cord where the head and neck join, allowing more fluid to flow through. In many cases, the cavity shrinks and symptoms improve.

However, once symptoms have progressed to a certain extent, surgery is often ineffective, so early diagnosis and treatment are important.

Fumihito Yoshii

Figure 25 Syringomyelia (MRI image)
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Figure 25 Syringomyelia (MRI image)


Source: Houken “Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia” Information about the Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia

Japanese:

どんな病気か

 脊髄の中心部に脳脊髄液(のうせきずいえき)がたまった空洞ができることにより、脊髄を内側から圧迫して、いろいろな神経症状を呈する病気です。発症に男女差はなく、あらゆる年齢層にみられます。

原因は何か

 空洞のできる詳しいメカニズムはまだよくわかっていません。脊髄空洞症を原因により大きく分類すると、①キアリ奇形(小脳の下端が脊椎(せきつい)のほうに垂れ下がったようにめり込んでくる奇形)に伴う脊髄空洞症、②癒着性(ゆちゃくせい)くも膜炎(脊髄の周囲に炎症が起こり、髄膜に癒着を起こしたもの)に伴う脊髄空洞症、③脊髄腫瘍(せきずいしゅよう)に伴う脊髄空洞症、④脊髄出血後の脊髄空洞症、などに分けることができます。

症状の現れ方

 症状の現れ方は、空洞の大きさや長さによって異なります。頸髄(けいずい)に発生することが多いため、上肢や手の痛みまたは感覚障害で始まることが多く、空洞が拡大すると手や腕の麻痺や筋萎縮(きんいしゅく)、歩行障害、さらには排尿や排便の障害が出てきます。

 上肢にみられる感覚障害には特徴があり、温痛覚(おんつうかく)(温度や痛みの感覚)は障害されますが、触覚と振動覚・位置覚などの深部感覚は保たれます(解離性(かいりせい)感覚障害)。そのため、腕を強くつままれた時に触れられたという感覚はあるのに、痛みを感じない、あるいは火傷をしても熱さを感じないということが起こります。

 空洞が延髄(えんずい)に及ぶと(延髄空洞症)、顔面の感覚障害や嚥下(えんげ)障害が起こります。このため食事の際に飲み込みが悪くなったり、飲み込んだ水分が誤って気管に入る(誤嚥(ごえん))ことがあります。

検査と診断

 診断には頸椎(けいつい)のMRI検査が役に立ち、これでほぼ診断がつきます(図25)。MRI検査では特殊な撮り方をすると脊髄液の流れを画像化することができ、これも診断や治療方法を決める際に有用です。また、脊髄腫瘍に合併するタイプの脊髄空洞症では、造影剤を用いたCT検査を行います。

治療の方法

 感覚障害などの症状に対しては、薬剤による対症療法を行います。キアリ奇形に伴う脊髄空洞症の場合は、大後頭孔(だいこうとうこう)減圧術と呼ばれる外科的手術を行います。この手術は頭から首に移行する部分で脊髄周辺の空間を広げて、髄液の流れをよくするというものです。多くの例で、空洞が縮小して、症状も軽快します。

 しかし、症状がある程度以上進行してしまったあとで手術をしても有効でない場合が多いので、早期に診断して治療することが大切です。

吉井 文均

図25 脊髄空洞症(MRI像)
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図25 脊髄空洞症(MRI像)


出典 法研「六訂版 家庭医学大全科」六訂版 家庭医学大全科について 情報

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