Converting alternating current into direct current. Rectification is performed using circuit elements such as diodes that have the property of only allowing current to flow in one direction, and a device that realizes this function is called a rectifier. The direction in which current flows through a rectifying element is called the forward direction, and the direction in which it does not flow is called the reverse direction. When the polarity of the AC voltage is forward, the current flows through the rectifying element to the load, whereas when it is reverse, no current flows. Therefore, a constant current flows through the load. When a single rectifying element is used, the current flowing through the load is only half the cycle of the AC. When two rectifying elements are used, the current can flow through the load for the entire cycle of the AC. The former is called half-wave rectification, and the latter is called full-wave rectification. In addition to these, single-phase bridge rectifier circuits using four rectifying elements, three-phase half-wave rectifier circuits for rectifying three-phase AC, and three-phase bridge rectifier circuits are devised and used according to the purpose. In any circuit, the output that is converted from AC is not a constant DC current but a pulsating current, so in many cases, the AC components contained in the output are removed and converted to DC through a ripple filter that combines transistors and capacitors, or a constant-voltage IC (IC = integrated circuit. A three-terminal regulator consisting of three terminals: input, output, and ground is often used). DC can also be obtained from DC generators and batteries. However, because these require a lot of effort to operate and maintain, in many cases, DC is obtained by rectifying AC. [Madashi Fuse and Masazumi Yoshizawa] [Reference items] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
交流を直流に変換すること。整流は、電流を一方向にしか流さない性質をもったダイオード等の回路素子を用いて行い、その機能を実現するものを整流器とよぶ。整流素子にて電流の流れる方向を順方向、流れない方向を逆方向とよぶ。交流電圧の極性が、順方向の期間は、電流は整流素子を通って負荷に流れるのに対し、逆方向の期間は、電流は流れない。したがって負荷には一定方向の電流が流れる。単一の整流素子を介すると負荷を流れる電流は交流の半周期だけになる。整流素子を2個使うと、負荷には交流の全周期にわたって電流を流すことができる。前者を半波整流、後者を全波整流という。このほかにも、整流素子を4個使用した単相ブリッジ整流回路、三相交流を整流するための三相半波整流回路、三相ブリッジ整流回路などが目的に応じてくふうされ使われている。どの回路でも交流から変換されて出てくる出力は一定の大きさの直流ではなく、脈流であるので、多くの場合、トランジスタやコンデンサーを組み合わせたリップルフィルターや、定電圧IC(IC=集積回路。入力、出力、グランドの3端子から構成された3端子レギュレーターがよく使われる)を通して出力に含まれている交流成分を除去して直流にする。直流は直流発電機や電池などによっても得られる。しかし、これらは運転や保守に手間がかかるために、多くの場合、交流を整流して直流を得る方法がとられている。 [布施 正・吉澤昌純] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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