It is an intermediate zone between the temperate and cold zones, and is one of the climate zones when classified by temperature. It is also called the cold zone, and the cold temperate zone can be considered the same. It refers to the area that borders the tundra on the pole side and gradually changes to the temperate zone on the equator side. In the Köppen climate classification, it corresponds to the area south of the Arctic Circle, such as eastern Europe north of 40 degrees north latitude, southern Siberia to northeastern China, northern China, Hokkaido, the northern prairies of North America, and the Great Lakes region. There is no corresponding place in the Southern Hemisphere, because most of it is ocean. In the narrow sense, it is sometimes used synonymously with the coniferous forest zone (taiga) in the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, but in that case, the deciduous broadleaf forest zone in the south is called the cold temperate zone to distinguish it. The winters are long and extremely cold, making it the coldest region outside of Antarctica, with the cold pole of the Northern Hemisphere (the climatic Arctic, located in northeastern Siberia). Rivers freeze and snow cover for several months. However, although summers are short, temperatures rise considerably, and crops with short growing periods are cultivated up to fairly high latitudes. Spring and autumn are extremely short. The taiga zone is rich in furry animals such as sables and foxes, and development began with hunting these animals, but in recent years there has been large-scale development for timber and pulp materials, and Scandinavian countries and Canada are global suppliers of pulp and paper. To the south of the taiga zone lies an area with little rain, which forms part of the spring wheat region, known as the world's breadbasket. [Shuji Yamashita] plantIn Japan, it corresponds to the vertically distributed subalpine zone, and is often considered to be the area from central Hokkaido north where boreal forests (coniferous forests) develop, but in reality it refers to a vegetation zone located on the fringes of the boreal zone, between the limit of high forests and the boreal zone (tundra). It is dominated by shrub communities of dwarf birches, dwarf willows, and black berries. In Eurasia, it stretches from Lapland to Siberia, and in North America from Alaska to Canada. Therefore, it would be more appropriate to call the boreal forest zone the cool zone. [Tatsuyuki Ohba] [Reference] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
温帯と寒帯の中間域をさし、気温によって区分した場合の気候帯の一つ。冷帯ともいい、冷温帯も同じと考えてよい。極側はツンドラと接し、赤道側は温帯に漸移する地域をさす。ケッペンの気候区分では、最寒月の平均気温が零下3℃未満、最暖月の平均気温が10℃以上で、ほぼ北緯40度以北の東部ヨーロッパ、シベリア南部から中国東北部、華北、北海道、北アメリカのプレーリー北部、五大湖地方など北極圏以南の地域に相当する。南半球では対応する場所が大部分海洋のため存在しない。狭義には北半球の高緯度地方の針葉樹林帯(タイガ)と同義語として使われることもあるが、その場合は南部の落葉広葉樹林帯を冷温帯とよんで、区別する。冬は長く、寒さも非常に厳しく、南極大陸以外ではもっとも寒冷な地域で、北半球の寒極(気候的な北極で、シベリア北東部)が存在する。河川の凍結期間や積雪期間は数か月に達する。しかし夏は短いながらも気温がかなり上昇し、生育期間の短い作物がかなり高緯度まで栽培されている。春と秋はきわめて短い。タイガ地帯にはクロテン、キツネなどの毛皮獣が多く、これらの狩猟から開発が始まったが、近年は木材、パルプ材としての大規模な開発が行われ、スカンジナビア諸国やカナダはパルプや紙の世界的供給地である。タイガ地帯の南には雨の少ない地方があり、世界の穀倉といわれる春小麦地帯の一部を形成している。 [山下脩二] 植物日本では垂直分布の亜高山帯に相当し、北方針葉林(針葉樹林)の発達する北海道中部以北の地域とされることが多いが、本来は、寒帯周辺に位置し、高木林の限界と寒帯(ツンドラ)との間にある植生帯をさす。矮性(わいせい)のカンバ類、矮性のヤナギ類、クロマメノキ類などの低木群落が主体である。ユーラシア大陸ではラップランドからシベリアにかけて、北アメリカ大陸ではアラスカからカナダにかけて広がる。したがって、北方針葉樹林帯は、冷帯とよぶのが適当であろう。 [大場達之] [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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