Biogeography

Japanese: 生物地理学 - せいぶつちりがく(英語表記)biogeography
Biogeography

A field that studies the geographical distribution of organisms and related issues. It investigates the distribution patterns of organisms and tries to explain how they came about. Depending on the way of understanding the subject and the method, it is broadly divided into bioregional geography, biophylogenetic geography, and paleobiogeography, which deal with the geographical distribution and formation process of various taxonomic groups such as species, genera, and families, and bioecological geography. In addition, a new field that could be called theoretical biogeography has been developed, which theoretically considers the formation, maintenance, and change of fauna and flora. It is also divided into animal geography, plant geography, etc. depending on the biological group that is the subject. In bioregional geography, distribution types are set based on the similarity of the distribution areas of various organisms, which allows us to know the spatial division of the fauna and flora on the earth. The large units of division of such biological distribution are zoogeographical regions and plant geographical regions. In ecogeographical research, emphasis is placed on the various environments that organisms live in, particularly on climate and the corresponding life forms of organisms, and not so much on taxonomic structure. In this field, research on plant communities has produced results, and in vegetation geography, individual plant communities are classified according to the life forms of the main plants that compose them, and the causes of their distribution are investigated.

[Haruo Katakura]

[Reference items] | Plant area | Zoo geographical area

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

燃生物の地理的分布およびそれに関連する諸問題を研究する学問。生物の分布パターンを調査し、それがどのようにして生じたかを説明しようとするもので、対象のとらえ方と方法により、生物区系地理学、生物系統地理学、古生物地理学というような種・属・科などさまざまなレベルの分類群の地理的分布およびその成立過程を扱う分野と、生物生態地理学とよばれる分野に大別される。さらに、ファウナ(動物相)やフロラ(植物相)の成立・維持・変動を理論的に考察する理論生物地理学とでもいうべき新分野も発達した。また、対象とする生物群の違いによって、動物地理学、植物地理学などに分けられる。生物区系地理学ではさまざまな生物の分布域の類似に基づいて分布域型を設定するが、これによって地球上の動物相や植物相の空間的区分を知ることができる。このような生物分布の区分の大きな単位として、動物地理区、植物地理区がある。生態地理学的研究では、生物を取り巻くさまざまな環境、とくに気候とそれに対応した生物の生活形が重視され、分類学的構成はあまり重要視されない。この分野では、植物群落を対象とした研究で成果があがっており、そのなかの植生地理学では、構成している主要植物の生活形によって個々の植物群落が分類され、その分布の原因が究明される。

[片倉晴雄]

[参照項目] | 植物区系 | 動物地理区

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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