Indigenous capital in colonies and dependent countries, which has a character that opposes foreign capital and colonial rule, has been attracting attention for its role in the independence movement. In China, the development of ethnic enterprises was remarkable from the second half of the 19th century onwards, especially in the 20th century, and the period from the First World War to the immediate aftermath was marked by favorable market conditions, ushering in a "golden age" for ethnic enterprises. In India, too, industries based on Indian capital developed from the second half of the 19th century, centering on the cotton industry. After the First World War, thanks in part to the selective protectionist policy, Indian capital-based industries developed further, centering on the cotton industry, steel industry, and sugar industry, and with independence they gained a position that allowed them to influence national policy. What is noteworthy about this ethnic capital is that, firstly, a large part of it was commercial capital that had developed in conjunction with colonial rule, but as it advanced into industry it came into conflict with foreign capital and colonial rule over the domestic market, and secondly, the development of this ethnic capital was interrelated with the development of popular ethnic movements. On the one hand, most of the national capitals base their accumulation on the existence of more or less pre-modern rural societies or the low-wage labor force that flowed out of them, and on the other hand, they often derived profits from the distorted economic structures that were formed under colonial rule. For this reason, it was difficult for national capitals to promote the construction of an independent national economy that was based on thorough social reform, and they were inevitably faced with major problems in terms of achieving political and economic independence. [Yu Yanagisawa] [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
植民地や従属国における土着の資本で、外国資本や植民地支配と対抗的性格をもつものをいい、独立運動において果たす役割をめぐって注目されてきた。中国においては、19世紀後半以降とくに20世紀に入ってから民族的企業の発展が著しく、第一次世界大戦期から直後にかけては、市場条件の好転もあって、民族的企業の「黄金時代」を迎えた。インドでも、19世紀後半から綿工業を中心としてインド人の資本による工業が発展した。第一次世界大戦後は、選択的保護政策の効果もあって、綿工業、鉄鋼業や製糖業などを中心としてインド資本による工業はいっそう発展し、彼らは、独立によって国家の政策を左右しうる地位を獲得した。これら民族資本について注目されることは、第一に、そのかなりの部分は、かつて植民地支配と結び付いて発展した商業資本であったが、工業に進出してゆくなかで国内市場をめぐって外国資本や植民地支配と対立するようになっていったこと、第二に、こうした民族資本の発展は、大衆的な民族運動の発展と相互に関連していたこと、である。 民族資本の多くは、一方で、多かれ少なかれ前近代的農村社会の存在、あるいはそこから流出する低賃金労働力を蓄積の基盤とし、他方で、植民地下で形成されたゆがんだ経済構造から利益を引き出すことも少なくなかった。そのため、民族資本は、徹底した社会的変革を起点とする自立的国民経済の建設を推進することはむずかしく、政治的、経済的な独立の達成という点でも、大きな問題を残さざるをえなかった。 [柳沢 悠] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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