The space on Earth where living organisms live. The biosphere is limited to the very surface of the Earth, and is a space where water is present, where organic matter is synthesized from inorganic matter (such as photosynthesis), or where organic matter produced in this way can be introduced in some way. Such spaces are divided into areas where all life is possible, and areas where only certain stages of life, such as spores, are possible. The former are further divided into areas where the members of the community are nutritionally self-sufficient, where they can fix light energy themselves, and areas where communities are supported by the inflow of organic matter synthesized elsewhere. Typical examples of the latter are dark worlds, such as underground, caves, groundwater, and deep or shallow sea caves. In normal communities, organisms are thought to ultimately depend on photosynthetic producers through a food chain, but there are also known communities in the deep sea that are formed by unique food chains that are thought to depend on underground eruptions. [Moritake Nishihira] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
地球上で生物が生息している空間をいう。生物圏は地球のごく表層に限られ、生命活動に必要な水があり、無機物から有機物の合成(光合成など)が行われるか、またはそのようにしてつくられた有機物がなんらかの方法で移入可能な空間である。このような空間は生物の全生活が可能な場所と、胞子のような生活史の特定の段階での生存のみが可能な空間からなり、前者はさらに、そこの生物群集の構成員が自ら光エネルギーを固定しうる栄養的に独立採算のとれる空間と、他所で合成された有機物が流入することによって支えられる生物群集の成立する空間に分けられる。後者の典型的な例は暗黒の世界で、地中、洞穴、地下水、深海あるいは浅海の海洞などがある。通常の群集では生物は食物連鎖を通して終局的には光合成を行う生産者に依存していると考えられるが、深海で地下からの噴出物に依存すると考えられる特異な食物連鎖によって成立する群集も知られている。 [西平守孝] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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