smonitza

Japanese: smonitza
smonitza

...is a general term for dark clayey soils found in the tropics and in the subtropics and warm temperate zones. It includes several soil types. They have many local names, such as regur or black cotton soil in India, margaritic soil in Indonesia, tropical chernozem in Central Africa, badob soil in Sudan, vlei soil in South Africa, tir in North Africa, barros in Portugal, smonitza or smolnitza in the Balkans, black earth in Australia, and grumsol in the United States. In the Soil Taxonomy (1975) of the United States, they are classified as Vertisols. A common feature of these areas is that they are rich in montmorillonite clay, which shrinks significantly when it dries out in the dry season, causing large cracks, and then swells when it gets wet in the rainy season, causing the cracks to close. This cycle repeats every year, causing the lumps of soil to rub against each other, creating a unique smooth surface called a mirror skin, and creating an uneven microtopography on the surface called gilgai.

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "smonitza" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…熱帯を中心に亜熱帯から暖温帯にまで分布する粘土質で暗色の土壌に対する総称で,いくつかの土壌型が含まれる。インドのレグールregurや黒綿土(こくめんど)black cotton soil,インドネシアのマーガライト土margallitic soil,中央アフリカの熱帯チェルノーゼム,スーダンのバドーブbadob soil,南アフリカのフライvlei soil,北アフリカのティルtir,ポルトガルのバロスbarros,バルカンのスモニッツァsmonitzaまたはスモルニッツァsmolnitza,オーストラリアの黒色土,アメリカのグルムソルgrumsolなど多くの地方名があり,アメリカ合衆国の土壌分類体系《Soil Taxonomy》(1975)ではバーティソル目に含まれている。これらに共通する特徴は,モンモリロナイト質粘土に富み,乾季に乾燥するといちじるしく収縮して大きな亀裂を生じ,雨季に湿ると膨潤して亀裂が閉じることが毎年反復されるので,土塊が摩擦し合って鏡肌とよばれる特有な平滑な面ができ,地表にはギルガイgilgaiとよばれる凹凸のある微地形を生ずることである。…

※「smonitza」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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