Eucharist (English spelling)

Japanese: 聖体 - せいたい(英語表記)Eucharist
Eucharist (English spelling)

One of the seven sacraments of the Catholic Church. Literally it means the holy body of Jesus Christ, but originally it is a translation of the Greek word "Eucharistia" which means thanksgiving. In the Protestant Church, it is called the Eucharist. On the night before his death, Christ shared supper with his 12 disciples. At this time, Christ took bread and wine, gave thanks, and while giving it to his disciples, he commanded them, saying that the bread was his body and the cup of wine was the new covenant in his blood, "Do this in remembrance of me" (Luke 22:19-20, First Corinthians 11:23-26). In the early church, following Christ's words, a commemorative ceremony with bread and wine was held, which later developed into the form of the Holy Mass that continues to this day.

The Catholic Church believes that during Mass, when the priest takes bread and wine and recites the same words Christ said at the Last Supper, the true body and blood of Christ become present under the form of bread and wine. The blood and body of Christ concretely express Christ's whole being and saving work. This body is not only a tangible expression of Jesus' person; it is spiritual food for the whole body and mind of Christians, since Jesus gave it to his disciples to eat. Moreover, Jesus shed his blood for the forgiveness of our sins, making this cup of blood the covenant between God and humanity.

During a special Mass, the faithful receive both the physical form of bread and wine, but during an ordinary Mass, they only receive bread, because the whole reality of Christ is contained in the body of Christ. After Mass, the consecrated bread is kept in the church, and the faithful pray before this Eucharist, remembering and giving thanks for the work of Christ's cross and resurrection.

[Kadowaki Yoshiyoshi]

The Sacrament Controversy

Dissent arose against these teachings of the Catholic Church, and debates broke out in the 9th and 11th centuries. However, the original debate on the Eucharist (Holy Communion) began during the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century. Luther maintained that bread and wine retained their substance and became the body and blood of Christ, whereas Zwingli advocated the symbolic theory that bread and wine did not change into the flesh and blood of Christ, but were merely symbols that symbolized it. From then on, various doctrines arose in the Protestant Church.

[Kadowaki Yoshiyoshi]

[Reference] | Mass

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

カトリック教会の七つの秘蹟(ひせき)(サクラメント)の一つ。字義的にはイエス・キリストの聖なる体という意味だが、もとは感謝を意味するギリシア語「エウカリスチア」Eucharistiaの訳語である。プロテスタント教会ではこれを聖餐(せいさん)とよぶ。キリストは自分の死の前夜、12人の弟子と晩餐をともにした。このときキリストは、パンとぶどう酒をとり、感謝を捧(ささ)げたあと、弟子たちに与えながら、パンは自分の体であり、ぶどう酒の杯(さかずき)は自分の血による新しい契約であるといって、「私の記念としてこのように行え」と命じた(「ルカ伝福音(ふくいん)書」22章19~20、「コリント書I」11章23~26)。初代教会ではこのキリストのことばに従ってパンとぶどう酒による記念祭儀を行い、以後ミサ聖祭の形に発展して今日に至っている。

 カトリック教会では、ミサのとき司祭がパンとぶどう酒をとって、キリストが最後の晩餐でいったのと同じことばを唱えるとき、パンとぶどう酒の形色のもとにキリストの真の体と血が現存するようになると信じている。キリストの血と体はキリストの全存在と救いの働きを具体的に示す。この体はイエスの人格の可感的な現れであるだけではない。イエスは弟子たちにそれを食べるように渡したので、それはキリスト者にとって全心身のための霊的食物である。そのうえ、イエスは人類の罪の許しのために血を流し、この血の杯を神と人類の間に結ばれた契約となした。

 特別のミサのときは、信者はパンとぶどう酒の両形色を拝領するが、通常のミサではパンだけをいただく。キリストの体にはキリストの全実在が含まれているからである。また、ミサのあとも、聖別されたパンを聖堂内に保存し、信者はこの聖体の前で祈り、キリストの十字架と復活のわざを思い起こし、感謝する。

[門脇佳吉]

聖餐論争

このようなカトリック教会の教えに対して異論が現れ、9世紀と11世紀に論争が起こった。だが本来の意味での聖餐(聖体)論争は16世紀の宗教改革のときのものである。すなわち、ルターはパンとぶどう酒はその実体を保持したままで、キリストの体と血になるという実在説を主張したのに対して、ツウィングリはパンとぶどう酒はキリストの血肉には変化せず、ただそれを象徴する記号にすぎないという象徴説を唱えた。以後プロテスタント教会には種々の教説が発生した。

[門脇佳吉]

[参照項目] | ミサ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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