Biochemistry (biochemistry) is a field that focuses on humans and aims to be the foundation of medical and dental science or to apply it to medical and dental science. Biochemistry is a science that uses chemical means to elucidate the phenomena of life, in other words, it is a branch of science that clarifies what substances living organisms are made of, how these substances are synthesized and broken down, and what functions these chemical substances perform in biological systems. It is said that biochemistry began to be generally recognized as a field of study after 1920, but even before that, biochemical knowledge had been accumulated piecemeal in each field, such as medicine, agriculture, biology, and chemistry, and today's biochemistry gradually took shape. Biochemistry is revealing commonalities in the components and metabolic patterns of living things, whether they are microorganisms, plants, or animals. On the other hand, while clarifying the commonalities among such life phenomena, it is also necessary to clarify the biochemical specificities of various organisms or their respective tissues and organs, and medicinal chemistry is a field that aims at medical applications and targets specificities and abnormal metabolic pathways in humans, especially genetic metabolic disorders. When the focus is narrowed down to the diagnosis and testing of diseases, it is often called clinical (bio) chemistry. However, since the 1970s, the name medicinal chemistry has ceased to be used in many medical and dental universities in Japan, and there is a trend to make it a branch of biochemistry. Furthermore, in the 21st century, applied biochemistry, broadly defined as life science, is moving from the genome era to the post-genome era. [Teruyoshi Arima, Taro Arima, and Tamiyo Takeuchi] [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ヒトを対象とした生物化学(生化学)で、医歯学の基礎、あるいは医歯学的応用を目的とした分野である。生物化学は化学的手段によって生命現象を解明する学問、いいかえれば生物体がどんな物質から成り立っているか、それらの物質がどのようにして合成され、分解されるか、これらの化学物質が生体システムのなかでどんな機能を営んでいるかを明らかにする科学の一分野である。生物化学が一つの学問分野として一般に認識され始めたのは1920年以降といわれるが、それ以前から医学、農学、生物学、化学などそれぞれの分野での生物化学的知識が断片的に蓄積され、しだいに今日の生物化学が形成された。生物化学によって、生命をもつものは微生物でも植物でも動物でも、その構成成分や代謝様式に共通したものがあることが明らかにされつつある。 一方、このような生命現象の共通性の解明と同時に、各種の生物あるいはそれぞれの組織、臓器の生物化学的特異性も明らかにされる必要があり、医学的応用を目的とし、ヒトにおける特異性および異常な代謝経路、とくに遺伝的代謝異常もその対象としているのが医化学である。病気の診断、検査に対象が絞られた場合は臨床(生)化学clinical(bio)chemistryとよばれることが多い。しかし、1970年代からは、日本の多くの医歯科大学で医化学という名称は用いられなくなり、これを生物化学の一分野とする傾向がみられる。 さらに、21世紀に入って、応用生物化学は広くライフサイエンス(生命科学)として、ゲノム時代からポストゲノム時代へ向かいつつある。 [有馬暉勝・有馬太郎・竹内多美代] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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