Sawing - Seizai (English spelling)

Japanese: 製材 - せいざい(英語表記)sawing
Sawing - Seizai (English spelling)

This is the process of cutting (processing) logs into wood products, mainly for construction, such as planks, sawn wood, and squares. Planks are wood products less than 7.5 cm thick and four times wider than their thickness, sawn wood is wood products less than 7.5 cm thick and four times wider than their thickness, and squares are wood products that are both 7.5 cm thick and wider. The lumber process begins with peeling the bark off the logs, followed by cutting into logs, large splitting, medium and small splitting, cross cutting, and product sorting. Most of the scraps generated during the lumber process are processed into chips for pulp at sawmills and chip factories.

[Yamagishi Kiyotaka]

History and types of machines

The introduction of machinery for lumbering was surprisingly long ago, in 1850 (Kaei 3) at the end of the Edo period. In order to urgently secure lumber needed for the expansion and renovation of castles, the shogunate imported a sawing machine called an "osanoko" (long saw), which was popular in Europe at the time, from the Netherlands. This sawing machine sawed lumber by moving a long saw-like blade back and forth vertically, and was suitable for the production of large diameter lumber and thick boards. In Japan, lumber was made by finely sawing various types of dimensional lumber needed for a house using thin logs of the same diameter, so the "osanoko" was hardly used. The spread of mechanized lumbering did not progress much even in the Meiji era, and in 1896 (Meiji 29), just after the Sino-Japanese War, there were only 34 mechanized lumber factories nationwide. Mechanized lumber production began to spread widely between the Russo-Japanese War and World War I, and the machines that were introduced were band saws and circular saws (metal saws).

A band saw is a machine that cuts wood by using an endless band saw on two saw wheels. It is paired with a lumber car and moves back and forth on rails to saw the lumber. In large sawmills, two band saws are placed symmetrically on the left and right, and a log is cut into three pieces at once. In terms of use, band saws are mainly used for large cuts, and circular saws are used for smaller cuts. In automated sawmills, a table band saw for small cuts is installed, and all products are sawn on one lane.

Band saws are not only capable of sawing lumber in a wide variety of sizes, but also allow the use of saws with thinner blades, which reduces scraps and increases sawn lumber yields. In Western lumber mills, emphasis is placed on improving production efficiency, so circular saws are introduced as the main sawing machinery, and band saws are often used to cut lumber that has been cut into larger pieces by the circular saw. In Japan, since the issue of thinning began to receive societal attention, circular saws have been used to process thinned lumber. Twin circular saws, which combine two circular saws on the left and right, have the ability to saw both sides of a log at once, reducing the cost of sawing thinned lumber.

[Yamagishi Kiyotaka]

assignment

Lumbering also has some problems. Lumbering is the process of processing round logs into square ones, so a large amount of scraps is generated at each process, including the bark peeling. Bark is generated during bark peeling, sawdust is generated during bucking, and scraps are generated during large and small cutting. It is said that how these waste materials are commercialized will determine the management of the lumber industry. Sawmills have processed scraps generated during large and small cutting into chips, but they are no longer profitable due to competition from imported chips. Sawdust has been incinerated, but with the growing international trend of global warming countermeasures, opportunities are opening up for its use as biofuel. Bark has often been burned, but there are also cases where it is used as a substitute for livestock bedding, turned into compost, or used as livestock feed.

[Yamagishi Kiyotaka]

Sawmill Trends

The first Forestry Statistics Handbook, published in 1964 (Showa 39), contains time series data on sawmills for the 25 years from 1937 (Showa 12) to 1961. According to this, the number of sawmills in 1937 was 13,771, with an average of three factories established per mountainous municipality with a forest area of ​​500 chobu or more (4,280 municipalities under the revised Forestry Law of 1939). However, from that year onwards, conscription of workers was carried out on a nationwide scale, creating a labor shortage and leading to a rapid decline in the number of sawmills. At the end of the war in September 1945, the number of sawmills had fallen to 7,566, nearly half the number in 1937, showing the rapid consolidation and closure of sawmills during the war.

There are three turning points in the development of sawmills after World War II. The first turning point was the period from the early 1950s to the early 1960s, when sawmills rapidly increased in number. According to data from the Forestry Statistics Handbook (1964), the number of sawmills in 1952, when postwar reconstruction was just beginning, had increased to 31,000, more than four times the number immediately after the war. This number remained almost unchanged until 1955, when the high economic growth period began. The main driver of the increase in the number of sawmills was family-run sawmills with an output of less than 22.5 kilowatts, which accounted for 80% of all sawmills in the early 1950s. These family-run sawmills had a weak management base due in part to financial constraints, and did not have the management strength to withstand the soaring prices of raw wood and the competition to obtain raw wood that came with the high economic growth period. From 1955 to 1960, when the high economic growth period began, lumber prices (cedar lumber prices) rose by 34% for logs and 60% for standing timber, but at the same time, family-run sawmills were pressured in terms of obtaining logs, and were forced to reduce in number as they were unable to turn a profit. The number of family-run sawmills with less than 22.5 kilowatts fell by 28% in the first five years of the high economic growth period, from 26,000 (1955) to 19,000 (1960) (Historical Report on Lumber Supply and Demand, 1995 edition). The situation that emerged at these family-run sawmills would spread to higher-ranking sawmills in the next period.

The second turning point was from the 1960s to the 1980s, when sawmills faced fierce competition with imported lumber. During this period, the government's lumber liberalization policy led to full-scale imports of imported lumber, and while the number of sawmills fell at a faster rate than in the previous period, the conversion of domestic lumber factories to factories that used imported lumber progressed significantly. The number of sawmills fell by 11,000, or 40%, from 28,000 in 1960 to 17,000 in 1990 (Heisei 2). On the other hand, the remaining sawmills were converted to factories that used imported lumber, and by 1970, less than 10 years later, imported lumber factories (factories that specialize in imported lumber and factories that use both imported and domestic lumber) accounted for 65%, or two-thirds, of all sawmills. The number of domestic lumber factories continued to decrease after that, but the conversion of foreign lumber factories that used both domestic and imported lumber to factories that specialized in imported lumber progressed. The number of factories specializing in imported timber increased by 16% in 1990 compared to 1970 (Wood Supply and Demand Report, each year's edition).

The third turning point was the period from the 1990s to the 2000s, when the number of factories specializing in imported lumber began to decline. During this period, a "price reversal" occurred in which the price of imported lumber exceeded the price of domestic lumber, and the price gap between the two prices widened year by year. The "price reversal" first appeared in 1992, when the price of western hemlock logs exceeded the price of cedar logs, and three years later, in 1995, the price of western hemlock squares exceeded the price of cedar squares in the lumber market. Since then, the price gap between the two prices has widened year by year, and in 2005 (Heisei 17), the year before the publication of western hemlock lumber prices was abolished, the price gap between the two prices was 1.9 times for log prices and 30% for sawn lumber prices. As a result, factories specializing in imported lumber were faced with a situation where the log prices were not profitable, and some factories went out of business or were converted into domestic lumber factories. The number of factories specializing in imported lumber fell by 75%, from 2,594 in 1990 to 393 in 2012. This decline in the number of factories also extended to large-scale imported lumber factories, with the number of large imported lumber factories with output of 300 kilowatts or more falling by 77% in 2012 compared to 1990.

On the other hand, there has been a relatively small decrease in the number of factories specializing in domestic timber, with a decrease of only 35% in 2012 compared to 1990. In particular, the number of large-scale factories specializing in domestic timber with an output of 300 kilowatts or more, which is comparable to large-scale factories specializing in imported timber, has increased 2.5-fold, from 126 to 314 (Wood Supply and Demand Report, each year's edition). These large-scale factories specializing in domestic timber have an extremely high share of the logs they obtain, to the point where large-scale factories specializing in domestic timber, which account for only 8% of the number of factories, monopolize 60% of all logs for lumber. This exclusive access to logs is one factor behind the increase in the number of large-scale factories specializing in domestic timber (Wood Supply and Demand Report, 2013 edition).

[Yamagishi Kiyotaka]

"Takeshi Uemura, 'Practical Knowledge of Wood', 3rd Edition (1988, Toyo Keizai Shinposha) " "Kiyotaka Yamagishi, 'Economics of the Forest Environment' (2001, Shin Nihon Shuppansha)" "Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 'Wood Supply and Demand Report', Annual Edition"

[Reference items] | Wood | Wood industry

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

丸太から、おもに建築用の板類、ひき割類、ひき角類などの木製品を木取り(加工)する作業。板類は厚さ7.5センチメートル未満で幅が厚さの4倍以上のもの、ひき割類は厚さ7.5センチメートル未満で幅が厚さの4倍未満のもの、ひき角類は厚さおよび幅が7.5センチメートル以上の木製品。製材工程は、原木剥皮(はくひ)に始まり、玉切り、大割り、中・小割り、横切り、製品選別などからなる。製材過程で排出される端材の多くは、製材工場やチップ工場でパルプ用のチップに加工される。

[山岸清隆]

沿革・機械の種類

製材における機械の導入は意外と古く、江戸時代末期の1850年(嘉永3)に行われた。幕府は、城の増改築に要する製材品の緊急確保を図るため、当時ヨーロッパで普及していた「長鋸(おさのこ)」とよばれる製材用機械をオランダから導入した。この製材用機械は、長い鋸(のこぎり)様の刃を縦方向に往復運動させて製材する機械であり、大径材や厚板の製造などに向いた製材機械であった。日本の製材は、径級の細い原木を使って家1棟に必要な多種類の寸法材をきめ細かく挽(ひ)くため「長鋸」の普及はほとんどみられなかった。機械製材の普及は明治になってもあまり進まず、日清戦争直後の1896年(明治29)の機械製材の工場数は、全国でわずか34工場にしかすぎなかった。機械製材の本格的な普及は、日露戦争から第一次世界大戦にかけてであり、導入された機械は帯鋸(おびのこ)盤(バンドソー)と丸鋸(まるのこ)盤(メタルソー)であった。

 帯鋸盤は、2個の鋸車にエンドレスの帯状の鋸をかけて木材切削を行う機械である。送材車とセットにしてレール上を前後させて挽材(ひきざい)を行う。大型の製材工場では、左右対称に帯鋸盤を2台並べ、丸太を一度に3分割する方法などもとられる。用途的には、おもに帯鋸盤は大割りに、丸鋸盤は小割りに使用される。自動化された製材工場では、小割り用のテーブル帯鋸を設け、一つのレーンですべての製品を挽く方式がとられる。

 帯鋸盤は、多種多様な寸法の製材ができるだけでなく、刃幅の薄い鋸の使用も可能となるため、端材を少なくすることができ、製材歩留りが高まる。欧米の製材工場では、生産能率の向上を重視するため丸鋸盤を製材の主力機械として導入し、帯鋸盤は丸鋸盤で大割りされた材の小割りに使われるケースが多い。日本では間伐問題が社会的に注視されるようになってから、丸鋸盤の間伐材加工に活用するケースがみられる。左右に2台の丸鋸を組み合わせたツイン丸鋸盤は、丸太の二面を一度に挽く機能もち、間伐材の製材加工費を軽減する。

[山岸清隆]

課題

製材はいくつかの問題も抱えている。製材は丸型の原木を角型に加工する作業であるため、原木の剥皮をはじめ各工程で大量の端材が排出される。剥皮では樹皮が、玉切りでは鋸屑(のこくず)が、大割り・小割りでは端材が大量に排出される。これらの排出材をどう商品化するかは、製材業の経営を左右するといわれる。製材工場では、大割り、小割りで排出される端材をチップに加工してきたが、輸入チップに押され採算のとれない状況にある。鋸屑は焼却処分にされてきたが、地球温暖化対策の国際的な潮流の高まるなかでバイオ燃料としての利用に途(みち)が開かれつつある。樹皮も燃焼処理が多く行われてきたが、畜産の敷藁(しきわら)の代用として使用し堆肥(たいひ)化したり、畜産飼料に活用するなどのケースもみられる。

[山岸清隆]

製材工場の動向

1964年(昭和39)に発行された第1回の『林業統計要覧 累年版』に、1937年(昭和12)から1961年に至る25年間の製材工場の時系列データが掲載されている。それによると、1937年の製材工場数は1万3771工場にも及び、森林面積500町歩以上(1939年改正森林法、4280市町村)の山地市町村に平均3工場が開設された工場数となっている。しかし、この年以降、職工の徴用が全国的な規模で行われために人手不足問題が発生し、製材工場が急激に減少した。終戦時の1945年9月の製材工場数は7566工場と、1937年時点の工場数の半数近くにまで減少しており、戦時下の製材工場の統廃業の激しさを示している。

 第二次世界大戦後の製材工場の動向には、三つの画期がある。第一の画期は、製材工場が急増する1950年代の前半から1960年代の初頭にかけての時期である。『林業統計要覧 累年版』(1964)のデータによると、戦後復興が緒につく1952年の製材工場数は、終戦直後の4倍強の3万1000工場にも増加した。この製材工場数は、高度経済成長の始まる1955年までほぼ変化なく推移した。製材工場数の増加の中心となったのは、出力22.5キロワット未満の家族経営の製材工場であり、1950年代の前半には製材工場全体の8割を占めた。これらの家族経営の製材工場は、資金力の関係もあって経営基盤が弱く、高度経済成長下の原木価格高騰や原木入手競争などに耐えられる経営体力を有していなかった。高度経済成長が始動する1955年から1960年にかけて木材価格(スギ材価格)が丸太で34%、立木価格で60%も上昇するが、それとともに家族経営の製材工場は原木入手の面から圧迫され、採算がとれないままに工場数の減少を余儀なくされた。22.5キロワット未満の家族経営の製材工場は、高度経済成長の前半の5年間に2万6000工場(1955)から1万9000工場(1960)へと28%も減少した(『木材需給累年報告書』1995年版)。この家族経営の製材工場で発現した事態は、次の時期に上層の製材工場に波及していくのである。

 第二の画期は、製材工場が外材との厳しい競合におかれる1960年代から1980年代にかけての時期である。この時期は、政府の木材自由化政策によって外材輸入が本格化し、製材工場数が前期を上回る勢いで減少する一方、国産材工場の外材工場への転換が大きく進行した。製材工場数は、1960年の2万8000工場から1990年(平成2)には1万7000工場へと、1万1000工場、4割も減少した。他方、残存した製材工場では外材工場への転換が進行し、わずか10年足らずの1970年には外材工場(外材専門工場、外材・国産材併用工場)が製材工場全体の65%、3分の2を占めるまでになる。それ以降も国産材工場の減少は続くが、外材工場においては国産材・外材併用工場から外材専門工場への転換が進展した。外材専門工場は、1970年対比1990年で16%も増加した(『木材需給報告書』各年版)。

 第三の画期は、外材専門工場が減少に転じる1990年から2000年代の時期である。この時期は、外材価格が国産材価格を上回る「価格の逆転」が発現し、両者の価格差が年々拡大する推移を呈した。「価格の逆転」は、まず1992年にベイツガ丸太価格がスギ丸太価格を上回る形で発現し、3年後の1995年には製材品市場においてベイツガ正角価格がスギ正角価格を上回る状況となった。それ以降、両者の価格差は年々拡大し、ベイツガ製材品価格公表の廃止前年の2005年(平成17)時点の両者の価格差は丸太価格で1.9倍、製材品価格で3割に及んだ。そのため、外材専門工場では採算的に厳しい原木高の事態にみまわれ、工場の廃業や国産材工場への転換が行われた。外材専門工場は、1990年の2594工場から2012年に393工場と75%も減少した。この工場数の減少は大型外材専門製材工場にも及び、出力300キロワット以上の大型外材専門工場は1990年対比2012年で77%も減少した。

 他方、国産材専門工場は、工場数の減少が相対的に少なく、1990年対比2012年の減少率は35%にとどまった。なかでも外材大型専門工場に匹敵する出力300キロワット以上の大型国産材専門工場は、逆に126工場から314工場と、2.5倍も増加した(『木材需給報告書』各年版)。これらの大型国産材専門工場は、原木の入手シェアはきわめて高く、工場数で8%にしかすぎない大型国産材専門工場が製材用の全原木の6割を独占するまでになっている。大型国産材専門工場数の増加は、この原木の独占的な入手が一つの要因となっている(『木材需給報告書』2013年版)。

[山岸清隆]

『上村武著『木材の実際知識』第3版(1988・東洋経済新報社)』『山岸清隆著『森林環境の経済学』(2001・新日本出版社)』『農林水産省編・刊『木材需給報告書』各年版』

[参照項目] | 木材 | 木材工業

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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