Law of mass action

Japanese: 質量作用の法則 - しつりょうさようのほうそく(英語表記)law of mass action
Law of mass action

This law shows how the mass (concentration) of substances involved in a chemical reaction affects the equilibrium. It is one of the most important chemical laws, proposed by C.M. Gruberg and P. Boge of Norway in 1864. For example, in the following reversible reaction in a homogeneous system, a A+ b B+ c C+……
l L+ m M+ n N+……
When equilibrium is reached, the difference between their concentrations (denoted by [ ]) is

and this ratio becomes a constant value. K is a constant value that does not depend on the concentration of each component if the temperature is constant, and is called the (concentration) equilibrium constant. If the reaction system is a gas, the equation can be expressed in an exactly similar way if partial pressures are used instead of concentrations, and K is called the (pressure) equilibrium constant. Strictly speaking, K becomes a constant value when the ratio of the activity of each component is taken. Grubel and Boge discovered this relationship from their research on reaction rates, but it has also been theoretically proven for ideal solutions and ideal gases from the perspectives of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics.

[Toda Genjiro]

[Reference items] | Chemical equilibrium | Grubel | Equilibrium constant | Boge

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

化学反応に関与する物質の質量(濃度)が、その平衡にどのように作用するかを示す法則。1864年ノルウェーのC・M・グルベルとP・ボーゲが提出した、もっとも重要な化学法則の一つ。たとえば、均一系の次の可逆反応
  aA+bB+cC+……
   lL+mM+nN+……
が平衡に達したときには、それらの濃度([ ]で示す)の間には、

で、この比が一定値になるという関係が成り立つ。Kは温度が一定ならば各成分の濃度には依存しない一定値で(濃度)平衡定数という。反応系が気体の場合には、濃度のかわりに分圧を用いるとまったく同じような式で表され、そのKを(圧)平衡定数という。厳密には、各成分の活動度の比をとったときにKが一定値になる。グルベルとボーゲは、反応速度の研究からこの関係をみいだしたが、理想溶液・理想気体について、熱力学、統計力学から理論的に証明される。

[戸田源治郎]

[参照項目] | 化学平衡 | グルベル | 平衡定数 | ボーゲ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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