Biometeorology - Seikishougaku (English spelling) biometeorology

Japanese: 生気象学 - せいきしょうがく(英語表記)biometeorology
Biometeorology - Seikishougaku (English spelling) biometeorology

A science that studies the relationship between all living organisms, including humans, and weather and climate. It is also called medical meteorology. At the symposium on biometeorology held in Paris, France in 1956, it was defined as follows: "Biometeorology is the science that studies the direct and indirect effects of atmospheric geophysical and geochemical environmental conditions on animal, plant, and human organisms. Here, the environment means everything that affects living organisms, be it microscopic, macroscopic, or cosmic (the influence of the sun, moon, etc.), and is expressed by various physical and chemical factors. Biometeorology is conducted not only outdoors, but also in laboratories where physical, chemical, and biological factors can be controlled."

This definition is broad, but since it is called meteorology, biometeorology should be considered as a branch of applied meteorology, and when the emphasis is on investigating the reactions of living organisms to changes in the outside world, it should be distinguished as physiology or meteorological medicine. Since it is called biometeorology, the emphasis should be on the study of meteorological conditions themselves. However, since there are many medical scholars involved in this field, the field that includes both is generally referred to as biometeorology. The five fields of biometeorology proposed by Solco Walle Tromp (1909-1983) in 1963 also include parts of pathology, balneotherapy, and climatology.

Considering meteorological conditions as a cause of disease has been advocated since the time of Hippocrates, the ancient Greek physician, and Eastern medicine also places importance on external conditions in works such as "Shanghan Lun," which deals with fevers. However, when considering meteorology as a cause of disease, there are two approaches: (1) the elemental approach, and (2) the approach of considering meteorology as a comprehensive condition. (1) focuses on elements such as temperature, humidity, and wind, and examines the reaction to changes in each of these, but in developing this approach, it may be possible to add new elements (such as atmospheric ions). In contrast, (2) is a research approach that examines the correspondence with synoptic conditions shown on weather charts, etc.

Biometeorology is also a field of research in which engineers join in to discuss the suitability or unsuitability of artificial environmental conditions.

[Junkichi Nemoto and Takashi Aoki]

"The Body and Weather: An Introduction to Biometeorology" by Helmut E. Landsberg, translated by Kurashima Atsushi and Tasaki Masakazu (1975, Kawade Shobo Shinsha)""Runner's Book" by Yamanishi Tetsuro (1989, Madosha)""Encyclopedia of Biometeorology, edited by the Japanese Society of Biometeorology (1992, Asakura Shoten)""Environmental Physiology" by Kuroshima Senho (1993, Rikogakusha)""Medical Weather Forecasting: Bioweather and the Mysterious Relationship between Illness and Weather" by Yoshino Masatoshi and Fukuoka Yoshitaka (2002, Kadokawa Shoten)""Illness Caused by Weather" by Murayama Mitsuji (2003, Jitsugyo no Nihon Sha)""Health and Weather" by Fukuoka Yoshitaka (2008, Seizando Shoten)" ▽ "Reading the Body Through Weather" by Kagami Masahiro (Kodansha Gendai Shinsho)"Keizo Kamiyama's "Weather and Humans: An Introduction to Biometeorology" Selected Reprint Edition (Kinokuniya Shinsho)

[References] | Medical meteorology | Ballon therapy | Wind | Temperature | Climate | Climate therapy | Meteorology | Meteorological diseases | Seasonal diseases | Humidity | Treatise on typhoid fever | Artificial climate chamber | Physiology | Synoptic meteorology | Atmosphere | Geochemistry | Geophysics | Weather | Weather charts | Hippocrates | Pathology

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

人間を含むあらゆる生体と天気、気候との関係を研究する学問。衛生気象学ともいう。1956年にフランスのパリで開かれた生気象学のシンポジウムでは次のように定義された。「生気象学とは、大気の地球物理的および地球化学的環境条件が、動・植物および人間の生体に及ぼす直接的・間接的な影響を研究する学問である。ここで環境とは生物に影響する限り、微視的、巨視的もしくは宇宙的なもの(太陽、月などの影響)全部を意味し、さまざまな物理的・化学的因子によって表現される。生気象学は野外で行われるばかりでなく、物理的・化学的および生物的要因の制御可能な実験室内においても行われる」。

 この定義は広範にわたるものであるが、気象学と名のつく以上、生気象学は応用気象学の一分野とみるべきで、外界の変化に対応しておこる生体の側の反応を調べることに重点が置かれる場合には、生理学もしくは気象医学として区別すべきであろう。生気象学という以上、気象条件そのものについての研究に重点が置かれるべきと考える。しかしこの学問に携わる学者に医学者が多いこともあって、この両者を含むような分野が一般には生気象学として通用している。1963年にトロンプSolco Walle Tromp(1909―1983)が示した五つの生気象学の分野のなかには、病理学の一部や、温泉療法、気候療法なども含まれているのである。

 病気の要因として気象条件を考えることは、古代ギリシアの医学者ヒポクラテスのころからいわれたことであり、東洋の医学でも熱病を扱った『傷寒論』などで外的条件も重視しているが、病気の要因として気象を考える場合には、(1)要素主義的な立場と、(2)総合的条件として気象を考える立場とがある。(1)は気温、湿度、風などの要素に注目し、それぞれの変化に対応した反応を調べるものであるが、この立場の展開においては、さらに新しい要素(たとえば大気イオン)を付け加えるということが考えられるであろう。これに対して、(2)の立場は、天気図などに表現された、総観的条件との対応を調べていくような方向の研究になるのである。

 生気象学には、工学者がこれに加わることにより、人為的な環境条件の適・不適を論ずるといった分野の研究もある。

[根本順吉・青木 孝]

『ヘルマット・E・ランズバーグ著、倉嶋厚・田崎允一訳『からだと天気――生気象学入門』(1975・河出書房新社)』『山西哲郎著『ランナーズブック』(1989・窓社)』『日本生気象学会編『生気象学の事典』(1992・朝倉書店)』『黒島晨汎著『環境生理学』(1993・理工学社)』『吉野正敏・福岡義隆著『医学気象予報――バイオウェザー・病気と天気の不思議な関係』(2002・角川書店)』『村山貢司著『病は気象から』(2003・実業之日本社)』『福岡義隆著『健康と気象』(2008・成山堂書店)』『加賀美雅弘著『気象で読む身体』(講談社現代新書)』『神山恵三著『気象と人間――生気象学入門』精選復刻版(紀伊國屋新書)』

[参照項目] | 医学気象学 | 温泉療法 | | 気温 | 気候 | 気候療法 | 気象学 | 気象病 | 季節病 | 湿度 | 傷寒論 | 人工気候室 | 生理学 | 総観気象 | 大気 | 地球化学 | 地球物理学 | 天気 | 天気図 | ヒポクラテス | 病理学

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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