Catabolism - Squid

Japanese: 異化 - いか
Catabolism - Squid

Assimilation is the process by which organisms break down chemically complex substances into simpler ones. Conversely, anabolism is the process by which organisms synthesize chemically complex substances from simpler ones. Catabolism begins with the extracellular (e.g., in the digestive tract) digestion of ingested food. At this stage, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids are broken down and absorbed into glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, and glycerin, respectively. These substances are then taken into cells, where they are further broken down or used as raw materials for the synthesis of biological substances. Glucose and fatty acids are important energy sources for life activities, and are broken down into water and carbon dioxide within the cells. The large amount of bond energy released at this time is efficiently stored in the form of high-energy phosphate bonds in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis reactions coupled to the decomposition process. Amino acids and glycerin are also broken down in the same way, with intermediate products of the decomposition entering the decomposition pathways of glucose and fatty acids. Energy acquisition, i.e., ATP formation, is mainly carried out in mitochondria, which are present in all cells except bacteria and blue-green algae. The final stage of catabolism is an oxidation reaction with oxygen, which uses the oxygen taken into the body through breathing. This is called cellular respiration. All the energy required for movement, proliferation, and other cellular activities and life support is obtained through catabolism, and is used as ATP in various reactions that support cellular activity.

[Taku Shimada]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

生物体が、化学的に複雑な物質をより簡単な物質に分解する過程をいう。逆に、生物体がより簡単な物質から化学的に複雑な物質を合成する過程を同化という。異化作用は、食物として摂取した物質の細胞外(消化管内など)消化に始まり、この段階で、炭水化物、タンパク質、脂質はそれぞれ主としてブドウ糖、アミノ酸、脂肪酸とグリセリンなどに分解され、吸収される。これらの物質は、次に細胞内に取り込まれ、さらに分解されたり、生体物質合成の原料として使われる。生命活動のエネルギー源として重要なのはブドウ糖と脂肪酸で、細胞内で水と炭酸ガスにまで分解され、このとき放出される多量の結合エネルギーは、分解過程に共役(きょうやく)したアデノシン三リン酸(ATP)合成反応によりATPの高エネルギーリン酸結合の形で効率よく保存される。アミノ酸やグリセリンなども分解の中間産物がブドウ糖や脂肪酸の分解経路に入って同様に分解される。エネルギー獲得、すなわちATP形成は主としてミトコンドリアで行われるが、そのミトコンドリアは細菌類、藍藻(らんそう)を除くすべての細胞に存在する。異化作用の最終段階は酸素による酸化反応であり、呼吸により生体内に取り入れた酸素が用いられる。これを細胞呼吸という。運動、増殖、そのほか細胞の生活活動、生命維持に必要なエネルギーはすべて異化作用により獲得され、ATPとして細胞活動を支える諸反応に利用される。

[嶋田 拓]

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