Yakov Mihaylovich Sverdlov

Russian revolutionary. Born into a Jewish copperplate engraver family. In 1901, he joined the Russian Social Democratic Party, and in the same year, he was arrested for participating in a demonstration to protest the expulsion of the writer Gorky from his hometown of Nizhny Novgorod. After that, he was active in various places as a professional revolutionary, and led party organizations in Ekaterinburg (called Sverdlovsk from 1924 to 1991 after Sverdlov) in the Urals during the First Revolution in 1905. He was arrested many times until the February Revolution in 1917, and spent a long time in prison and exile. In 1917, he was elected Secretary of the Central Committee at the party's April conference, and demonstrated his skills as an organizer in coordinating liaison between the central and local organizations, assigning personnel, and preparing and promoting the October Uprising in the capital. After the October Revolution, he remained Secretary of the Central Committee and also served as Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (equivalent to head of state), and worked hard to establish a constitution and train mid-ranking party members. He fell ill while on tour and died in Moscow at the young age of 33.

[Hara Teruyuki]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

ロシアの革命家。ユダヤ人銅版職人の家庭に生まれる。1901年ロシア社会民主党に入り、同年、生地ニジニー・ノブゴロドからの作家ゴーリキーの追放に抗議するデモに参加して逮捕された。以後、職業革命家として各地で活動し、05年の第一革命期にはウラルのエカチェリンブルク（スベルドロフにちなんで1924～91年はスベルドロフスクとよばれた）などで党組織を指導、17年の二月革命まで再三再四逮捕され、長い獄中、流刑生活を送った。17年、党の4月協議会で中央委員会書記に選ばれ、中央と地方組織との連絡調整、要員の配置、首都における十月蜂起(ほうき)の準備と推進に組織者としての手腕を発揮した。十月革命後、中央委員会書記にとどまったまま全ロシア中央執行委員会議長（国家元首に相当）を兼任、憲法の制定や中堅党員の養成にも尽力した。各地を遊説中病気にかかり、モスクワにおいて33歳の若さで死去した。

［原　暉之］

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