Spanish War of Independence

Japanese: スペイン独立戦争 - すぺいんどくりつせんそう
Spanish War of Independence

The war between 1808 and 1814, in which the Spanish people resisted Napoleon I's invasion of the Iberian Peninsula and defended Spanish independence, is also called the Peninsular War. Napoleon tried to cut off trade between the UK and the continent by issuing the Continental System, but Portugal was unable to sever ties with the UK, so Napoleon sent troops to Portugal in 1807 and occupied Lisbon. He then occupied important points in Spain in the same year. At the time, the real political power in Spain was held by Prime Minister Godoy Manuel de Godoy y Alvarez de Faria (1767-1851), who was the lover of Maria Luisa, wife of Charles IV. As the people's dissatisfaction with Godoy grew, Prince Ferdinand ascended to the throne in March 1808 in an anti-Godoy rebellion. On May 10 of the same year, Napoleon appointed his brother Joseph to the position of King of Spain. On May 2nd, the people of Madrid revolted against the French occupying forces. Goya depicted this revolt and retaliation in his paintings "2nd May" and "3rd May". This Madrid uprising sparked the War of Independence across Spain. Each region established a junta (council) as the de facto authority, and the people launched a guerrilla war against the French army. The word guerrilla comes from the Spanish word for a skirmish, guerrilla, which occurred at that time. In August of the same year, British troops landed in Spain to support the Spanish army. In 1810, the French army went on the offensive, but the following year, 1811, they were defeated. By October 1813, the French army in the Iberian Peninsula had been almost wiped out. During this time, representatives of each Junta gathered in the southern port of Cadiz, where a National Assembly (Cortes) was held from September 1810, and in March 1812, the "Constitution of 1812" was enacted. This constitution had a strong liberal color, limiting the power of the monarchy, stipulating basic human rights and democracy, and including provisions for land reform. This Spanish War of Independence marked a turning point in the collapse of Napoleon's continental rule.

[Takashi Saito]

[References] | Iberian Peninsula | Charles (IV) | Goya | Napoleon (I)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

1808年から1814年にかけて、ナポレオン1世のイベリア半島侵略に対してスペイン民衆が抵抗し、スペインの独立を守った戦争。半島戦争ともよばれる。ナポレオンは、大陸封鎖令を出してイギリスと大陸との貿易を遮断しようとしたが、ポルトガルはイギリスとの関係を切ることができず、ナポレオンは1807年ポルトガルに出兵し、リスボンを占領した。ついで同年スペインの要地を占領した。当時、スペインでは、カルロス4世の王妃マリア・ルイサの愛人であった宰相ゴドイManuel de Godoy y Alvarez de Faria(1767―1851)が政治的実権を握っていた。国民のゴドイに対する不満が高まって、1808年3月、反ゴドイの反乱によって王子フェルナンドが即位した。同年5月10日、ナポレオンは兄ジョゼフをスペイン国王の地位につけた。これより先の5月2日、マドリードの民衆はフランス占領軍に対して蜂起(ほうき)した。ゴヤは『5月2日』『5月3日』の絵でこの蜂起と報復とを描いている。このマドリードの蜂起によって、スペイン全土にわたる独立戦争が勃発(ぼっぱつ)した。各地方は実際上の権力であるフンタ(評議会)をたて、民衆はフランス軍に対してゲリラ戦を展開した。ゲリラということばは、このときの小戦闘guerrillaというスペイン語に由来する。同年8月、イギリス軍がスペインに上陸してスペイン軍を援助した。1810年、フランス軍は攻勢に出たが、翌1811年には敗勢に向かった。1813年10月にイベリア半島にあったフランス軍はほぼ一掃された。この間、各フンタの代表が南部の港カディスに集まり、1810年9月から国会(コルテス)が開かれ、1812年3月「1812年憲法」を制定した。この憲法は自由主義的色彩の濃いもので、王権を制限し、基本的人権・民主主義を規定し、農地改革の諸条項を含んでいた。このスペイン独立戦争は、ナポレオンの大陸支配が崩壊する転機をなした。

[斉藤 孝]

[参照項目] | イベリア半島 | カルロス(4世) | ゴヤ | ナポレオン(1世)

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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