Spanish Civil War

Japanese: スペイン内乱 - スペインないらん（英語表記）Spanish Civil War

An armed rebellion against the Spanish Popular Front government from 1936 to 1939, supported by conservatives at home and by Italian Fascists and Nazi Germany abroad. The Popular Front faction, which won the general election on February 16, 1936, formed a coalition government with the left-wing Republican Party and the Republican League, and put forward a platform of separation of church and state and land reform, imprisoning and demoting the Fascist leadership. However, the military, royalists, and right-wing parties led by Franco started a military revolt in Spanish Morocco on July 17, which prompted the army on the mainland to rise up. The Popular Front government had the support of workers and peasants, while Franco's side had the support of landowners, capitalists, and the church. Germany, Italy, and Portugal assisted Franco by sending large amounts of weapons, ammunition, and powerful volunteer troops, while the Soviet Union supported the Popular Front government, sending weapons and ammunition and sending a military delegation to provide full support. Franco's side initially struggled against the resistance of the people who supported the Republic, but with the help of Germany and Italy, they made a comeback after August, and by the end of September they had taken control of about two-thirds of the mainland, and in October Franco declared himself head of the National Government (→ Caudillo). Germany, Italy, the Soviet Union, and other countries that supported both sides sent their latest weapons and tried out innovative tactics, so the Spanish Civil War became like an international testing ground for new weapons, and horrific atrocities occurred on both sides. Because most of the Spanish regular army belonged to Franco's side, the quality of the weapons provided by the Soviet Union was poor, the Popular Front's lack of purchasing power for weapons, and the policy of non-interference by the United Kingdom and France led to the fall of Barcelona on January 26, 1939, despite the Popular Front's good efforts. On March 23, a coup d'état took place in Madrid, which was held by the Republican government, calling for peace with Franco's forces, and on the 28th of the same month, Franco's forces entered Madrid. Thus the Spanish Civil War ended with the victory of the Fascists.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

1936～39年スペイン人民戦線政府に対し，国内では保守派，国外からはイタリアのファシストとナチス・ドイツが支援した武装反乱。 36年2月 16日の総選挙で勝利を収めた人民戦線派は，左翼共和党，共和同盟の連立内閣を組閣，政教分離，農地改革などの政綱を掲げ，ファシスト勢力の指導層を投獄，左遷した。しかし F.フランコを旗頭とする軍部，王党派，右翼諸党は，7月 17日にまずスペイン領モロッコで軍の反乱を起し，それが本土の軍隊の決起を促した。人民戦線政府側は労働者，農民の支持を得，フランコ側は地主，資本家，教会の支援を受けていた。ドイツ，イタリア，ポルトガルはフランコ側を助けて多量の兵器，弾薬，有力な義勇軍を送り，ソ連は人民戦線政府を支持して，武器，弾薬を送り，軍事代表団を派遣して全面的に支援した。フランコ側は当初共和政を支持する民衆の抵抗にあい苦戦を強いられたが，ドイツ，イタリアの援助を受けて8月以後盛返し，9月末には本土の約3分の2を手中に収め，10月フランコは自ら国民政府の統領 (→カウディリョ ) と宣言した。交戦者双方を支援するドイツ，イタリア，ソ連などは，自国の最新兵器を送り，斬新な戦法を試みたので，スペイン内乱はあたかも国際的な新兵器試験場の観を呈し両陣営に凄惨な残虐行為が発生した。スペイン正規軍の大部分がフランコ側に属したため，またソ連の援助兵器の質の悪さ，人民戦線側の兵器購入力の不足，イギリス，フランスの不干渉政策などのため，人民戦線政府側の善戦にもかかわらず，39年1月 26日バルセロナが陥落。3月 23日には共和国政府軍が維持していたマドリードでフランコ軍との和平を求めるクーデターが起り，同月 28日フランコ軍はマドリードに入城した。かくてスペイン内乱はファシスト勢力側の勝利に終った。

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