Zushi

In ancient and medieval times, they were lower-ranking officials and manor officials involved in the creation of maps and inspection records at provincial government offices and manors. Originally, they were technicians who created field maps and field registries as stipulated in the ryo (decrees), but by the Heian period, their role as mapmakers had already disappeared, and they were technical assistants involved in the creation and use of tsubo-tsuke and inspection records. In the first half of the 12th century, historical documents show them as "Anpachi County Elderly Map Master Priest" and "Tono County Map Master Priest," and they were active within the provincial government organizations, especially the counties. In addition, it is thought that they were appointed to the rank of county governors, judging from their official titles such as "Ginosakan," "Houdai," and "Gonno Daijo." From the late 12th century to the 13th century, Zushi-kyu was set up as a form of land grant and exemption within manors, and the Zushishiki position appeared as one of the lower-ranking manor official positions. Zushi knew the location of fields and other land very well, and as a lower-ranking official of the Kokuga organization, they participated in the inspection work, which could be said to be the starting point of land control. In the May 10, 1158 (Hogen 3) Draft Inspection Record of Field and Farm Houses at Anjoji Temple in Yamashiro Province (Kanshuji Documents), "Inspection Zushi Kuranosuke Gen" and others are seen along with the provincial envoys and village chiefs, and were in charge of the actual inspection work. In addition, when issuing certificates for manors, Zushi played an important role in confirming the location of fields, farms, and chestnut groves within the four boundaries together with the manors. However, with the establishment of the Zushi position, the position of Zushi became specialized and gradually disappeared. After the Muromachi period, as seen in "Teikinourai," the word came to be used to mean one who gives instructions or guides.

[Yoshiaki Matsui]

"Tanaka Juro, 'Illustrator of the Heian and Kamakura Periods'" (included in 'Manor Picture Study' edited by Takeuchi Rizo, 1892, Tokyodo Publishing)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

古代・中世、国衙(こくが)や荘園で図帳・検注帳の作成に関わる下級役人・荘官。本来は、令(りょう)に規定された田図・田籍を作成する技術者であったが、平安時代にはすでに作図技術者としての性格はなくなり、坪付・検注等の作成・使用に関与する技術的補助員。12世紀前半を中心に、史料的には「安八郡古老図師僧」「当郡図師僧」などとみえ、国衙機構、とくに郡に属し活動していた。また、「図師擬主帳(ぎのさかん)」「図師判官代(ほうがんだい)」「図師権大掾(ごんのだいじょう)」などといった官名などから郡司クラスが任命されたと考えられる。12世紀後半から13世紀になると、荘園内に給免田(きゅうめんでん)として図師給が設定され、下級荘官職の1つとして図師職(ずししき)が現れる。図師は、田畠などの所在を熟知しており、国衙機構の下級役人として、土地支配の出発点ともいうべき検注作業に参加した。保元3年（1158）5月10日の山城国安祥寺辺田畠在家検注帳案（勧修寺文書）には、「検注図師内蔵助元」などが、国使・郷司らとともにみられ、実際の検注作業を担当した。また、荘園の立券においても、図師は荘民とともに四至内の田畠・在家・栗林の所在確認などを行い、立券の際の重要な役割を担っていた。しかし図師職の成立によって、図師の地位は得分化し、次第に姿を消していった。室町時代以降、『庭訓往来(ていきんおうらい)』にみられるように、指図する者・手引きする者という意味に用いられるようになった。

［松井吉昭］

『田中寿朗著「平安・鎌倉時代の図師」（竹内理三編『荘園絵図研究』所収・1892・東京堂出版）』

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