In classical kinetic theory of gas molecules, this is the probability distribution shown by an ideal gas in thermal equilibrium. The probability that a molecule is moving with energy ε is proportional to exp(-ε/ kT ), where T is the absolute temperature of the gas and k is the Boltzmann constant. ε generally includes potential energy due to external forces. When there is no external force, there is only kinetic energy, and the number of molecules per unit volume whose velocity components are between u and u + du , v and v + dv , and w and w + dw is expressed as follows: where m is the mass of the molecule, N is the total number of molecules, and V is the volume occupied by the gas. This f ( u , v , w ) is called the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution or Maxwell distribution. This distribution only holds when the molecules follow classical statistics; when they follow quantum statistics, it becomes the Fermi–Dirac distribution or Bose–Einstein distribution. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
古典的な気体分子運動論において理想気体が熱平衡状態で示す確率分布。ある分子がエネルギーεで運動している確率は,気体の絶対温度を T ,ボルツマン定数を k とすると, exp (-ε/kT) に比例する。εは一般に外力による位置エネルギーも含む。外力のない場合は運動エネルギーだけとなり,速度の各成分が u と u+du ,v と v+dv ,w と w+dw の間にある単位体積あたりの分子の数は次のように表わされる。 ただし m は分子の質量,N は分子の総数,V は気体の占める体積である。この f(u,v,w) をマクスウェル=ボルツマン分布またはマクスウェル分布という。この分布は分子が古典統計に従うときにのみ成り立ち,量子統計に従うときにはフェルミ=ディラック分布またはボース=アインシュタイン分布になる。 出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報 |
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