When underground magma erupts underwater instead of on land, it produces a completely different type of eruption. Water has a higher heat capacity and higher thermal conductivity than air, and absorbs a large amount of latent heat when it evaporates, so magma that comes into contact with water cools much more rapidly than when it comes into contact with air. Also, on the deep sea floor, the high water pressure prevents the volatile components in the magma from effectively foaming, so explosive eruptions do not occur. When low-viscosity basaltic magma that would become pahoehoe lava if it erupted on land erupts underwater, it produces pillow lava with its characteristic cylindrical or ellipsoidal structure. Source: Heibonsha World Encyclopedia, 2nd Edition Information |
地下のマグマが陸上に噴出するかわりに水底に噴出すると,まったく異なった様式の噴火を生ずる。水は空気に比べて熱容量が大きく,高い熱伝導率をもち,また蒸発するときに大量の潜熱を吸収するので,水と接触したマグマは空気と接触したときよりもはるかに急激に冷却される。また深海底では,高い水圧のためマグマ中の揮発性成分の効果的な発泡が阻害され,爆発的な噴火は起こらない。陸上に噴火すればパホイホイ溶岩になるような低粘性の玄武岩質マグマが水底に噴出すると,円筒状や楕円体状の特徴的な構造を有する枕状溶岩を生じる。
出典 株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について 情報 |
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