A Marxist term regarding the relationship between world revolution and revolution in one country. It is also called the theory of permanent revolution. It originally comes from an appeal to the members of the Communist League written by Marx and Engels in March 1850, which advocated the continuation of the revolution by the working class without the petty-bourgeois compromises made in the bourgeois-democratic revolution (the 1848 Revolution), namely, "Our interest and our task is to make the revolution last until all the classes owning property in any way have been driven out of their ruling positions, the proletariat has seized state power, the union of the proletariat not only in one country but in all the leading countries of the world has progressed so far that the competition between the proletarians in these countries has ceased, and at least the decisive productive forces have been concentrated in the hands of the proletariat." Lenin adopted this theory in leading the Russian Revolution as a theory of the hegemony of the proletariat in the bourgeois democratic revolution and its growth into a socialist revolution (theory of two successive revolutions), but Trotsky contrasted it with Stalin's theory of "socialism in one country" as an assertion that "without the direct political assistance of the European proletariat, the Russian working class cannot retain its power and transform its temporary hegemony into a permanent socialist dictatorship." Therefore, the theory of permanent revolution is often treated as a Trotskyist term. Trotsky's theory of permanent revolution was criticized for underestimating the role of peasants and denying the possibility of building socialism in one country, but it also included a position that positioned the revolution in one country as part of the world revolution and understood the socialist revolution as a process that deepens into a "revolution in family relations, morals and customs," rather than the Communist Party securing sole power or the establishment of centralized nationalization and a planned economy. Japanese author Maruyama Masao advocated a "permanent revolution of democracy" as a criticism of Marxism. [Tetsuro Kato] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
世界革命と一国革命の関係をめぐってのマルクス主義の用語。永久革命論ともよばれる。もともとは、マルクス、エンゲルス執筆の1850年3月の「共産主義者同盟員への呼びかけ」に含まれている、ブルジョア民主主義革命(1848年革命)における小ブルジョア的妥協を排した労働者階級の革命継続の主張、すなわち「われわれの利益とわれわれの任務は、多少とも財産を所有するすべての階級が支配的地位から追いのけられ、プロレタリアートが国家権力を掌握し、一国だけでなく全世界のすべての主要国のプロレタリアの結合が著しく進んで、その結果、これらの国々でプロレタリア同士の競争がやみ、少なくとも決定的な生産力がプロレタリアの手に集中されるまで、革命を永続させることである」に由来する。レーニンはこれを、ブルジョア民主主義革命におけるプロレタリアートのヘゲモニーと社会主義革命への成長転化の理論としてロシア革命の指導に採用したが(二段階連続革命論)、トロツキーはこれを、「ヨーロッパ・プロレタリアートの直接の政治的援助なしには、ロシアの労働者階級はその権力を保持しその一時的覇権を永続的な社会主義的独裁に転化させることはできない」とする主張として、スターリンの「一国社会主義」論に対置した。そのため永続革命論は、しばしばトロツキズムの用語として扱われた。 トロツキーの永続革命論は、農民の役割の過小評価や一国社会主義建設可能性の否定として批判されたが、一国の革命を世界革命の一環として位置づけ、社会主義革命を、共産党による単独政権確保や中央集権的国有化・計画経済樹立ではなく、「家族関係・道徳および習慣の革命」にまで深化する過程として把握する立場を含んでいた。日本の丸山真男(まさお)は、マルクス主義への批判の意味を込めて、「民主主義の永久革命」を唱えた。 [加藤哲郎] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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