Soil microbes - Dojoubiseibutsu (English spelling) soil microbes

Japanese: 土壌微生物 - どじょうびせいぶつ(英語表記)soil microbe
Soil microbes - Dojoubiseibutsu (English spelling) soil microbes

This refers to microorganisms that live in soil. An extremely wide variety of microorganisms live in soil, including bacteria, actinomycetes, filamentous fungi (molds), algae, protozoa, and nematodes. Their activity plays a major role in the circulation of materials in the natural world, and also changes the properties of the soil, exerting a significant influence on plant growth.

The most common microorganisms in soil are bacteria, with tens of millions to billions living in one gram of soil. There are many types and functions of bacteria, and some have specific functions such as decomposing organic matter, fixing free nitrogen in the air, nitrification, and denitrification. The second most common are actinomycetes, with tens of thousands to millions living in one gram of soil, and acting on organic matter that is difficult to decompose, such as complex lipids, cellulose, and chitin. Filamentous fungi are generally found in slightly fewer numbers than actinomycetes, but are found in large numbers in forest soil. Filamentous fungi include basidiomycetes (mushrooms), which are higher filamentous fungi and have the ability to decompose cellulose and lignin, but are rare in paddy field soil. Algae mainly live near the surface of the soil and are common in paddy field soil. There are many blue-green algae and green algae, and some blue-green algae fix atmospheric nitrogen.

The most important role that these soil microorganisms play is in the circulation of matter in nature. The organic matter on which plants grow is broken down into carbon dioxide and water by the action of soil microorganisms. Nitrogen circulation also involves the production of ammonia through the decomposition of organic matter, the nitrification of ammonia by nitrifying bacteria, the denitrification of nitrate by denitrifying bacteria, and the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by root nodule bacteria, all of which are caused by the action of soil microorganisms. This process of material circulation also affects the properties of the soil and is of great agricultural significance. When organic matter decomposes, if the activity of microorganisms is adequate and the decomposition is rapid, some of it is directly used by higher plants, and some of the organic matter becomes polymeric humus, which serves as a nutrient storage and helps improve the physical properties of the soil. In cold, humid places, where there is almost no action of these microorganisms, plants remain undecomposed and accumulate as peat, making it often impossible to cultivate crops. Conversely, in tropical farmland, the activity of microorganisms is active and organic matter decomposes quickly, so no humus remains and soluble nutrients are washed away, resulting in a decrease in soil fertility. In particular, the various forms of nitrogen produced by microbial action during the process of organic matter decomposition are closely related to fertility and the effectiveness of fertilizers. Thus, plant growth is influenced by the type and activity of soil microorganisms, but on the other hand, the soil microflora is also influenced by plants. The roots of growing plants secrete many substances that microorganisms like to use, such as amino acids and sugars. The area influenced by such substances secreted from the roots is called the rhizosphere, and the microflora of the rhizosphere is significantly different from soil that is not influenced by roots. In the microflora called root-dwelling bacteria, they directly parasitize the roots of higher plants or live around the roots. Legume rhizobia are in a symbiotic relationship with plants, supplying plants with nitrogen fixed from the air while also receiving carbohydrates, which are products of photosynthesis, from the plants. Mycorrhizal fungi are also in a similar symbiotic relationship. However, some microorganisms, such as the clubroot fungus of cruciferous crops, parasitize the roots and cause damage. Microorganisms in the soil also live in competition with one another. Some actinomycetes produce antibiotics and suppress the growth of bacteria. Furthermore, continuous cultivation of the same crop increases the number or activity of certain soil pathogens and plant parasitic nematodes, leading to increased incidence of soil diseases such as damping-off and fusarium wilt, as well as root-knot nematode disease. Thus, many microorganisms live in the soil, and plants and microorganisms, and microorganisms themselves, affect each other, creating a complex life, but there are still many unknowns about the role of each individual microorganism.

[Toshihiro Kajiwara]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

土壌中に生息する微生物をいう。土壌中には、細菌、放線菌、糸状菌(カビ)、藻類、原生動物、線虫類などきわめて多種多様の微生物が生活している。その活動は、自然界における物質循環に大きな役割を果たすとともに、土壌の性質に変化を与え、植物の生育に重要な影響を及ぼしている。

 土壌中の微生物のうち、もっとも多いのは細菌類で、1グラムの土壌中には数千万から数十億が生息している。細菌類の種類、作用はさまざまで、有機物の分解のほか、空気中の遊離窒素の固定、硝化、脱窒など特異的な作用をもったものもある。細菌に次いで多いのが放線菌で、土壌1グラム中に数万から数百万が生息し、複合脂質、セルロース、キチンなど分解しにくい有機物に作用する。糸状菌は一般には放線菌よりやや少ないが、森林土壌には多く含まれる。糸状菌には高等な糸状菌である担子菌類(キノコ類)も含まれ、セルロース、リグニンなどを分解する能力をもっているが、水田土壌には少ない。藻類はおもに土壌の表面近くに生息しており、水田土壌に多い。藍藻(らんそう)類、緑藻類が多く、藍藻類のなかには空中窒素を固定するものもある。

 これら土壌微生物が果たすもっとも大きな役割は、自然界における物質循環である。植物が生育した有機物を、土壌中の微生物の働きによって、炭酸ガス(二酸化炭素)と水に分解する。また、窒素の循環に関しても、有機物の分解によるアンモニアの生成、硝化細菌によるアンモニアの硝酸化成、脱窒細菌による硝酸の脱窒、根粒菌による空中窒素の固定など、いずれも土壌中の微生物の作用によるものである。このような物質循環の過程は、土壌の性質にも影響を与え、農業上重要な意義をもつ。有機物の分解に際し、微生物の働きが適度で、分解が適当な速さであれば、一部は直接高等植物に利用され、一部の有機物は高分子の腐植となって養分の貯蔵の役割を果たすとともに、土壌の物理性の改善に役だつ。寒冷で湿潤な所では、こうした微生物の作用がほとんどないため、植物が未分解のまま残って泥炭として蓄積され、農作物の栽培は不可能な場合が多い。また、熱帯の畑地では、逆に微生物の作用が盛んで有機物の分解が速いため、腐植が残らず、可溶性となった養分が流亡するため、土壌の肥沃(ひよく)度が低下する。とくに有機物の分解の過程で、微生物の作用によって生ずる種々の窒素の形態は、肥沃度や肥料の効果に深い関係をもっている。このように、植物の生育は土壌微生物の種類、活性によって影響を受けるが、他方、土壌微生物相も植物の影響を受ける。生育中の植物の根はアミノ酸、糖など微生物が好んで利用する多くの物質を分泌する。このような根から分泌される物質の影響を受ける範囲を根圏(こんけん)とよぶが、根圏の微生物相は、根の影響を受けない土壌とは著しく異なる。根系生息菌といわれる微生物相にあっては、高等植物の根に直接寄生、あるいは根の周囲に生息している。マメ科根粒菌は植物と共生関係にあり、植物に空中から固定した窒素を供給すると同時に、植物から光合成産物である炭水化物の供給を受けている。菌根菌も同様の共生関係にある。しかし、なかにはアブラナ科作物の根こぶ病菌のように根に寄生して害を与えるものもある。また、土壌中の微生物は互いに競合しながら生活している。放線菌のなかには、抗生物質を生産して細菌類の生育を抑制するものもある。さらに、同一作物を連作すると、特定の土壌病原菌や植物寄生性線虫の数が増えたり、あるいは活性が高まって、立枯病、つる割病などの土壌病害や根こぶ線虫病などの発生が多くなる。このように土壌中では多くの微生物が生存し、植物と微生物、あるいは微生物どうしが互いに影響しあい、複雑な様相を呈して生活しているが、個々の微生物の役割についてはまだ不明な点が多い。

[梶原敏宏]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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