Human ecology

Japanese: 人類生態学 - じんるいせいたいがく（英語表記）human ecology

This is a study that replaces the subject of ecology, which is the study of the relationship between individual or groups of living organisms and the environment, with human beings, which is a type of living organism. Since humans are unique organisms, the content of this study is quite diverse. According to M. Bates, it can be divided into five areas. (1) From the perspective of medicine, especially public health, it emphasizes the study of disease and the environment. (2) From the perspective of human geography, it captures the relationship between humans and the environment, especially climate and climate. (3) As American sociologists consider the study of community structure to be human ecology itself. (4) It examines human behavior, especially language activity. (5) As mentioned above, it replaces living organisms with humans, and is taken from the perspective of anthropology. Since the environment in which humans live is not just the natural environment, but also the cultural environment created by humans themselves, it can be said that its methodology and reason for existence are different from the ecology of other animals and plants. However, the relationship between cultural development and climate cannot be ignored, and the famous book "Climate and Civilization" by E. Huntington can be said to be a typical example of human ecology. Human ecology is likely to become increasingly important in the future as a broad academic field that takes into account changes in external factors of the human body, such as the progress of civilization and the accompanying expansion of human existence, the resulting rapid increase in population, environmental pollution and increasing destruction of the environment, and the depletion of resources, as well as changes in internal factors such as genetic endowments.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

生物の個体または集団と環境との関係を論じる学問である生態学の対象を，生物の1種である人類に置き換えたもの。人類は独特の生物であるため，その内容はかなり多様にとらえられている。 M.ベイツによれば，5方面に分けられる。 (1) 医学，特に公衆衛生学の観点からみるもので，疾病と環境との研究を重視するもの。 (2) 人文地理学的観点から，人類と環境，特に気候，風土との関係をとらえるもの。 (3) アメリカの社会学者のようにコミュニティーの構造の研究を人類生態学そのものと考えるもの。 (4) 人類の行動，特に言語活動を調べるもの。 (5) 前述のとおり，生物を人類に置き換えたもので，人類学の立場からするもの。人類の生息する環境は単に自然環境だけでなく，人類自身がつくりだした文化環境でもあるため，他の動植物の生態学とは，その方法論や存在理由を異にしているといえる。しかし文化の発展と気候との関係も無視できないものであり，有名な E.ハンティントンの『気候と文明』などは人類生態学の一典型といえよう。文明の進歩とそれに伴った人類生存の拡大，これによる人口の急増，環境汚染と自然破壊の増大，資源の枯渇などといった人体の外的因子の変化，および遺伝的資質といった内的因子の変化までも考慮する幅広い学問分野として，人類生態学は今後重要性を増すであろう。

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