The limit at which forests cannot grow due to changes in environmental conditions. Most of them appear linearly. The causes of the limit include low temperatures in high mountains and high latitudes, water shortages in dry areas, excess soil moisture in marshes, and strong winds on the coast and windswept areas. In high mountains, sparse shrub forests form further outside (above) the tree line. The limit at which even the sparse forests disappear and the area transitions to grassland is called the tree line, which is sometimes distinguished from the tree line (high timber line). The vertical limit is 3000m above sea level in the tropics, 2500m in central Honshu, and 1000m in Hokkaido, and is often the upper limit of subalpine coniferous forests. It occurs above beech forests on Mt. Gassan and Mt. Daisen on the Sea of Japan side, and above evergreen broadleaf forests (→ broadleaf forests) in some tropical high mountains. In the Northern Hemisphere, the coniferous forest limit is basically around 60° to 70° north latitude, and the tree line is further north. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
環境条件の変化のため森林の生育が不可能となる限界。多くは線状に現れる。限界の原因として,高山や高緯度では低温,乾燥地域では水不足,湿原では土壌水分過剰,海岸や風衝地では強風があげられる。高山などでは,森林限界のさらに外側(上方)に低木の疎林が成立する。その疎林さえもなくなって草地に移行する限界を樹木限界として,森林限界(高木限界)と区別する場合もある。垂直的な限界は熱帯では標高 3000m以上,日本の本州中部では 2500m,北海道では 1000mまで下がり,亜高山帯針葉樹林の上限であることが多い。日本海側の月山,大山などではブナ林の上に,熱帯の高山の一部では常緑広葉樹林(→広葉樹林)の上に生じる。北半球では,基本的に北緯 60°~70°付近に針葉樹の森林限界があり,さらにその北方に樹木限界がある。
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