It refers to the mystical theory and educational movement founded by Rudolf Steiner. Anthroposophie is a compound word of the Greek words anthropos (human) and sophia (wisdom). Steiner was born in Hungary, and in his youth he became fascinated with German idealist philosophy and studied at the University of Vienna. He was involved in editing the complete works of Goethe in Weimar. He was sympathetic to Madame Bravatsky's Theosophical movement and became Secretary General of the German Theosophical Society in 1902. He later established his own anthroposophical theory and published books such as "Occult Science." In 1913, Steiner separated from the Theosophical Society and established his own Anthroposophical Society. He was influenced by Haeckel's phylogenetic theory, Goethe's morphology, and Darwin's theory of evolution, and formed Anthroposophy. According to Goethe's theory of plant metamorphosis, plants undergo upward transformation while alternately expanding and contracting. Steiner believed that the human spirit can also be generated and developed from the material dimension to reach a higher spiritual world. In other words, humans are composed of body, soul, and spirit, which belong to three different worlds. He established a mystical theory that humans can go through the "path of knowledge" through each world and finally realize their spiritual self. To achieve this, he tried to adopt the scientific method. Steiner first based his base in Dornach, Switzerland, where he built a theater to stage plays and gave lectures. In 1919, he established a school in Stuttgart, Germany, and implemented new educational methods based on the idea that "education must be art," aiming to develop students' own abilities. It was a continuous education program from age 6 to 12 years, with no report cards or textbooks, and a unique artistic education that focused on the formation and cultivation of character and spirit, including formen and eurythmy. This school, called the Steiner School (also called the Bardolf School, as it was founded as a school attached to the Bardolf tobacco factory), was closed during the Nazi era, but was reopened in 1945, and many have since been established in Germany and around the world, including Japan. [Hiroshi Kume] "Rudolf Steiner and Anthroposophy" by F. Karlgren, translated by Akio Takahashi (1992, Suiseisha)" ▽ "The Guiding Principles of Anthroposophy" by Steiner, translated by Takanori Nishikawa (1992, Suiseisha)" ▽ "Elementary School Students in Munich" by Michiko Koyasu (Chuko Shinsho) [References] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ルドルフ・シュタイナーが創始した神秘的学説とその教育運動をさす。Anthroposophieは、ギリシア語のanthropos(人間)とsophia(知恵)の合成語である。 シュタイナーはハンガリーに生まれ、青年期にドイツ観念論哲学に熱中し、ウィーン大学に学ぶ。ワイマールでゲーテ全集の編集に携わる。ブラバッスキイ夫人の神智学運動に共鳴し、1902年ドイツ神智学協会事務局長に就任するが、その後彼自身の人智学の学説を立て、『オカルト科学』などの著書を発表する。 1913年シュタイナーは神智学協会から分離独立して、独自の人智学協会を設立する。シュタイナーはヘッケルの系統発生理論、ゲーテの形態学、ダーウィンの進化論の影響を受けつつ、人智学を形成した。ゲーテの植物形態変成論によれば、植物は拡張と収縮を交互に行いつつ、上昇的に変成していく。シュタイナーは、人間の精神もまた、物質の次元から生成、発展して、高次の霊的世界に達することができると考える。すなわち、人は体と魂と霊とから成り、それらは三つの異なる世界に属している。人は「認識の小道」を通って、それぞれの世界を経由し、最後に霊的我を実現するという神秘的学説を打ち立てた。その実現のために彼は科学的方法を取り入れようとするのである。 シュタイナーは最初スイスのドルナッハを本拠地とし、劇場を建てて劇を上演し、講演をしたりした。1919年にドイツのシュトゥットガルトに学校を設立し、「教育は芸術でなくてはならぬ」という理念のもとに、新しい教育方法を実践し、生徒の自己能力の開発を目ざした。それは6歳から12年間の一貫教育で、成績簿も教科書もなく、人格・精神の形成・陶冶(とうや)に力を注ぐフォルメンformen、オイリュトミーなど独自の芸術教育を行う。シュタイナー学校(バルドルフ煙草(たばこ)工場付属学校として創設されたのでバルドルフ学校ともいう)とよばれるこの学校は、ナチスの時代に閉鎖されたが、1945年に再開され、以後ドイツ国内と、日本を含む世界各地に数多く設立されている。 [久米 博] 『F・カルルグレン著、高橋明男訳『ルドルフ・シュタイナーと人智学』(1992・水声社)』▽『シュタイナー著、西川隆範訳『人智学指導原則』(1992・水声社)』▽『子安美知子著『ミュンヘンの小学生』(中公新書)』 [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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