Yano House

The Toji estate was located in Ako County, Harima Province. Its territory included the current areas of Yano-cho and Wakasano in Aioi City, Hyogo Prefecture, as well as ports such as Nabaura and Sakataura. The manor dates back to 1071 (Enkyu 3), when Hata Tametatsu, governor of Ako County, began developing his private estate of Hisatomi-no-ho. In 1136 (Hōen 2), an inspection was carried out by order of the Imperial Court, and the estate was established as Yano Manor. The lord of the estate was Fujiwara Akisue, and later the lordship was passed from Akisue to Dazai Gon no Sōtsu Nagazane, the consort Nijō no Tsubone, and then to Bifukumon'in. In 1167 (Jin'an 2), Bifukumon'in donated 43 chobu of the main land to Goganji Kankikoin, calling this area Betsumyo and distinguishing the rest as Reimyo. In 1297 (Einin 5), a dispute arose between the Zassho (general manager) and the Jito (land steward) (Ebina clan) over the affairs of Reimyo, and an order from the Kamakura Shogunate was issued to divide Reimyo into lower land areas, with the western area designated as the ryoke area and the eastern area designated as the Jito area. In 1299 (Shoan 1), the retired Emperor Kameyama donated the land of Betsumyo to Nanzenji. In 1313 (Showa 2), Emperor Gouda donated the portion of the Reina domain to Toji Temple. In September of the following year, taking advantage of a gap immediately after Toji Temple's rule had begun, villains including Terada Honen broke into the manor. Toji Temple carried out inspections and determined the amount of tax during the Jōwa period (1345-50), and in 1376 (Tenju 2/Eiwa 2), it created the "List of the Number of Miscellaneous Grains and Other Taxes," establishing collection standards for Yano Manor. At the end of the Kamakura period, the fields of Reina were about 212 cho, and the annual tax during the Northern and Southern Courts period was about 227 koku of rice, 22 koku of wheat, and over 16 koku of soybeans. During the civil war of the Northern and Southern Courts, a so-so kegyo (communal association) was formed, and peasant struggles unfolded, demanding the expulsion of illegal magistrates, the quantification of labor duties, and the reduction of annual tax payments. During the Muromachi period, Toji Temple's land was temporarily confiscated when Yamana Mochitoyo invaded Harima, and further declined in revenues during the Onin War (1467-77), and its significance as a temple estate was lost.

[Kazuhiko Sato]

"Harima Yano Manor" by Miyagawa Mitsuru (included in "The Structure of Manors and Villages" edited by Shibata Minoru, 1955, Sogensha)" ▽ "Koizumi Nobusuke, "The Villains of Yano Manor in Harima Province" ("Kokushigaku" 66, 1956, National Historical Society)" ▽ "Amino Yoshihiko, "Medieval Toji Temple and the Toji Manor" (1978, University of Tokyo Press)" ▽ "Sato Kazuhiko, "A History of the Civil War Between the Northern and Southern Courts" (1979, University of Tokyo Press)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

播磨(はりま)国赤穂(あこう)郡に存在した東寺(とうじ)領荘園。現在の兵庫県相生(あいおい)市矢野町と若狭野(わかさの)の地域、さらに那波(なば)浦・佐方(さかた)浦などの港湾を荘域とする。荘の起源は、赤穂郡司秦為辰(はたのためたつ)が、1071年（延久3）私領久富保(ひさとみのほ)を中心として開発を始めたことによる。1136年（保延2）、院庁(いんのちょう)の命令により検注が行われ、矢野荘として立荘された。領家は、藤原顕季(あきすえ)、のち領家職は、顕季から大宰権帥(だざいのごんのそつ)長実(ながざね)、女房二条局(つぼね)を経て美福門院(びふくもんいん)へと伝えられた。1167年（仁安2）、美福門院は、御願寺(ごがんじ)歓喜光院(かんぎこういん)に、本荘のうち43町歩余を割いて寄進し、これを別名(べつみょう)と称し、残りを例名(れいみょう)と号して区別した。1297年（永仁5）、例名の所務について、雑掌(ざっしょう)と地頭(じとう)（海老名(えびな)氏）との間に争論が発生し、鎌倉幕府の下知(げち)により、例名は下地中分(したじちゅうぶん)され、西方を領家分、東方を地頭分と定めた。1299年（正安1）、亀山(かめやま)上皇は、別名の地を南禅寺(なんぜんじ)に寄進した。1313年（正和2）、後宇多(ごうだ)上皇は、例名内領家分を東寺に寄進した。翌年9月、東寺の支配開始直後の間隙(かんげき)をついて、寺田法念(てらだほうねん)らの悪党が荘内に乱入した。東寺は、貞和(じょうわ)年間（1345～50）に検注と斗代(とだい)確定を行い、1376年（天授2・永和2）には「年貢雑穀以下員数目録(ねんぐざっこくいかいんずうもくろく)」を作成し、矢野荘の収取基準を確立した。鎌倉末期の例名の田畑は約212町であり、南北朝期の年貢は、米約227石、麦22石、大豆(だいず)16石余であった。南北朝の内乱期には、惣(そう)結合が形成され、非法代官の排斥、夫役(ぶやく)の定量化、年貢斗代の引下げなどを要求する農民闘争が展開した。室町期には、山名持豊(やまなもちとよ)の播磨侵攻により一時期没収され、さらに応仁(おうにん)の乱（1467～77）を経るなかで東寺の収納額は激減し、寺領としての意味は失われた。

［佐藤和彦］

『宮川満著「播磨矢野荘」（柴田実編『庄園村落の構造』所収・1955・創元社）』▽『小泉宣右「播磨国矢野庄の悪党」（『国史学』66・1956・国史学会）』▽『網野善彦著『中世東寺と東寺領荘園』（1978・東京大学出版会）』▽『佐藤和彦著『南北朝内乱史論』（1979・東京大学出版会）』

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