Among ordinary banks that also operate trust business, these are long-term financial institutions whose main business is trust business and which can also provide loans for equipment financing or long-term working capital. The business of a trust bank can be divided into three categories: banking business, trust business, and concurrent business. Banking business refers to the deposit and lending business and foreign exchange business that ordinary banks perform. Trust business is "transferring assets to a trustee through the establishment of a trust, and managing and operating that asset" (explained by the Trust Association). Specifically, the settlor who entrusts assets to the trustee, the trust bank, requests the management and operation of the assets. The trustee manages and operates the entrusted assets in accordance with the settlor's wishes. The system is such that the profits generated from the assets are passed on to the beneficiary designated by the settlor. The assets entrusted to the trust are diverse, but typical examples include money, securities such as stocks and bonds, real estate, and monetary claims. Concurrent business includes inheritance-related services, real estate buying and selling brokerage, and securities agency services. In this way, trust banks offer a wide range of services for both individuals and companies. Historically, loan trusts (trust business that manages entrusted money through loans; new applications are currently suspended) which developed especially after 1952 based on personal savings were the driving force behind the development of trust banks, and as a result they occupied an important position in the field of long-term finance alongside the long-term credit banks (which disappeared between the late 1990s and early 2000s). Furthermore, pension trusts (trust business related to the asset management of corporate pensions and the national pension fund), which developed rapidly from the 1960s, also expanded trust banks' function as institutional investors. With the financial deregulation that began in 1985, foreign banks established trust banks one after another and entered the trust industry, and from 1993 onwards, it became possible for banks, trust banks and securities companies to operate mutually as subsidiaries, leading to the establishment of numerous trust banks. As competition intensified with the increase in the number of trust banks, existing trust banks fought for survival in the industry and merged with banks to establish joint holding companies. According to the Financial Services Agency, there are 53 dual-purpose trust financial institutions as of March 2020. The number of institutions is on the rise, and especially since the 2010s, there has been an increase in the number of regional banks diversifying to provide trust services to customers in response to the aging of the population. [Hideaki Hirata October 16, 2020] "Masao Yoshimura, Nikkei Industry Series: Trust Banks" (1988, Nihon Keizai Shimbun) [Reference items] | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
信託業務を兼営する普通銀行のうち、信託業務を主業とするもの。設備資金または長期運転資金などの貸出業務も行える長期金融機関である。 信託銀行の業務は、銀行業務、信託業務、併営業務の三つに整理できる。銀行業務は普通銀行の行う預貸業務や為替(かわせ)業務をさす。信託業務は「財産を信託の設定により受託者に移転させて、その財産を管理・運用すること」(信託協会による説明)である。具体的には、財産を信託する委託者が、財産の管理や運用を受託者である信託銀行に依頼する。受託者は委託者の意向に沿って信託された財産の管理や運用を行う。そこから生じた利益を受け取ることを委託者から指定された受益者に利益を渡していく仕組みである。信託される財産は多岐にわたるが、代表的なものは金銭、株や債券といった有価証券、不動産、金銭債権などである。併営業務としては、相続関連、不動産売買の仲介、証券代行などがある。このように、信託銀行は、個人向け、企業向けに幅広くサービスを取りそろえている。 歴史的には、とくに1952年(昭和27)以降に個人貯蓄を基盤に発展した貸付信託(受託した金銭を貸付で運用する信託業務。現在は新規募集が停止されている)は、信託銀行発展の原動力であり、それによって長期金融分野で長期信用銀行と並んで重要な地位を占めた(長期信用銀行は1990年代後半から2000年代前半に消滅)。さらに1960年代から急速に発展した年金信託(企業年金や国民年金基金の資産運用にかかる信託業務)によって機関投資家としての機能も拡大させた。 1985年以降の金融自由化のなかで、外資系銀行が続々と信託銀行を設立して信託業界に参入し、さらに1993年(平成5)以降、銀行、信託、証券による子会社方式による相互乗入れが可能になり、数多くの信託銀行が設立された。信託銀行数増加に伴う競争激化のなかで、既存の信託銀行の業界での生き残りをかけた合併、銀行と経営統合による共同持株会社の設立が進んだ。 金融庁によると2020年(令和2)3月時点では、兼営信託金融機関は53機関となっている。機関数は増加傾向にあり、とくに2010年代ごろより高齢化に伴う信託サービスを顧客に提供していく多角化を進める地方銀行の参入が増えている。 [平田英明 2020年10月16日] 『吉村正男著『日経産業シリーズ 信託銀行』(1988・日本経済新聞社)』 [参照項目] | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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