Oracle - Shintaku (English spelling) Oracle English

Japanese: 神託 - しんたく(英語表記)oracle 英語
Oracle - Shintaku (English spelling) Oracle English

It means entrusting a divine revelation or divine will to another person. If we assume that there is some kind of order behind visible phenomena, and consider the rule of "fate" there, and assume the existence of a supernatural god that controls that order, then "providence" emerges. Humans have a strong desire to predict that fate or providence, and have (1) read it into natural phenomena, (2) tried to glimpse it through human actions, or (3) tried to directly hear the divine revelation by undergoing a personality transformation (divine possession). In a broad sense, it can include all forms of fortune-telling, but in a narrow sense, oracles are when a god present at a specific place (such as a temple or shrine) tells the future. In the case of (1), divination is done by listening to the whispering of laurel trees rustling in the wind, by the sound of water from sacred springs, by the flight of birds, by meteors, and by eclipses (solar and lunar eclipses). In the case of (2), artificial means include the innards of a sacrificed animal, or drawing fortune-telling slips or throwing a dice. In a sense, these can be said to be divine tests that precede scientific experiments, and in Japan, tug-of-war and sumo wrestling are held before the gods. Another example is the rumble of the kettle at Kibitsu Shrine.

It is said that there were more than 250 oracles throughout Greece, and the best known are those of Apollo at Delos and Delphi, Asclepius, the god of medicine at Epidaurus, and Zeus at Dodona. The oldest of these was at Dodona, where the priest received an oracle by interpreting the sound of rustling oak trees in the wind. At Delphi, after the preceding ritual, a priestess known as Pytheia sat on a triangular platform and became possessed by a god and answered the questioner. The oracles were usually in poetic form (hexameter). In a state of ecstasy, they were accompanied by rhythmic vocalization, and in Japan they are in 7-5 meter. This form of oracle can be seen in Siberian shamanism. The Delphic oracle also covered political issues and provided direction for the acquisition of colonies. In modern terms, a medium came to play this role.

[Yasuhiro Ono]

Japan

It is also called oracle. In order to instruct people on their will, gods possess people, speak words, or appear in dreams to give "revelations." In some cases, people would have a specific person possessed by a god and ask the gods what they wanted, and would inquire into their will through the words they spoke. In such cases, there was a person who would determine what kind of god possessed the possessed person was, and interpret the words they spoke in a way that humans could understand. In the classics, this person was called a saniwa (Saniwa), and there was also a person who would play the koto, or something to induce the possessed state. Examples of this are seen in the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki articles from Emperor Chuai to Empress Jingu, which state, "The Emperor put aside his koto and stayed with the minister Takeshiuchi no Sukune in the Saniwa area to ask for the god's orders" (Kojiki), and "The Empress chose an auspicious day and entered Iwai no Miya and personally became the chief priest. She then ordered Takeshiuchi no Sukune to play the koto. She then summoned Nakatomi Ikazunoomi and made him the saniwa" (Nihon Shoki, Volume 9). Another example of a divine oracle delivered by a dream is found in the Kojiki and Nihonshoki, in the section on Emperor Jimmu's subjugation of Yamato, where Amaterasu Omikami and other gods imparted teachings in the dream of a man named Takakuraji of Kumano and gave him the sword of Futsunomitama. Furthermore, in the Nara period, oracles also had a great influence on politics, such as when the monk Gyokyo received an oracle from Usa Hachiman Shrine and petitioned the Imperial Court to build Iwashimizu Hachiman Shrine in Kyoto in 859 (Jogan 1). There are a great many shrines (temples) throughout the country that have a legend or origin that says they were founded based on oracles.

[Kazushi Sano]

[References] | Divination | Oracle | Shamanism

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

神のお告げ、神意を他に託すことをいう。目に見える現象の背後に、なんらかの秩序ありと仮定するとき、そこに「運命」の支配というものを考え、その秩序を支配するものとしての超自然的な神の存在を想定するとき「摂理」が出てくる。その運命や摂理を予知したいという人間の切実な希求は、(1)それを自然現象のなかに読み取るなり、(2)人為的な所為によってそれをうかがい知ろうとし、あるいは(3)人間自身が人格変換(神がかり)をおこして神のお告げを直接聞き取ろうとしてきた。広義には占い全般を含むことにもなるが、狭義には、ある特定の場所(神殿・寺院など)でそこにいます神によって未来のことが知らされる場合を託宣(たくせん)(神託)という。(1)の場合としては、月桂樹(げっけいじゅ)が風にそよぐささやきに神意をうかがい、聖なる泉の水の音、鳥の飛び方、流星、食(日・月食)によって占いをたてることがある。(2)のケースとしては、犠牲にした動物の内臓、あるいはおみくじを引く、「さい」を投げるといった人工的な手段もある。ある意味で科学的な実験に先だつ神験ともいえるもので、わが国の神前での綱引き・相撲(すもう)もそれにあたる。あるいは吉備津(きびつ)神社の「釜(かま)鳴り」などもそれである。

 ギリシアでは全土に250以上の神託所があったといわれ、そのなかでもよく知られているのはデロスやデルフォイでのアポロの神託、エピダウロスの医神アスクレピオス、ドドナのゼウスなどである。しかもその最古のものはドドナのもので、神官は風にそよぐオークの木のさらさらという音の解釈によって神託を受けたといわれる。デルフォイでは、先だつ儀礼のあと、ピュテイアの名で知られる巫女(みこ)が三角台の上に座して神がかりになって、質問者に答えた。通常その神託は詩形(六歩格)をとった。エクスタシーの状態では、リズミカルな発声を伴い、わが国では七五調になる。こうした神託の形はシベリアのシャーマニズムにその名残(なごり)をみる。また、デルフォイの神託は政治問題にも及び、植民地獲得の方向づけも得た。近代的な用語では霊媒(ミーディアム)がこうした役を果たすようになる。

[小野泰博]

日本

託宣ともいう。神が人にその意思を指示するために、人に憑依(ひょうい)して言語を発し、あるいは夢のなかに現れるなどして「お告げ」をすることであるが、また人の側からも神の意思を問うために、特定の者を神がかりさせてその発することばにより神意をうかがうこともあった。その際、神がかりした者に憑(つ)いた神がいかなる神であるかを判断し、その発することばを人間の理解できることばとして解釈する者があり、これを古典では審神者(さにわ)(清庭)と称し、さらに、琴を弾じるなどして神がかり状態に導入する役割の者も必要とされた。この事例は、記紀の仲哀(ちゅうあい)天皇から神功(じんぐう)皇后にかけての記事中に「天皇御琴(みこと)を控(ひ)かして、建内宿禰(たけしうちのすくね)の大臣沙庭(さにわ)に居て神の命(みこと)を請(こ)ひき」(『古事記』)、「皇后、吉日(よきひ)を選びて、斎宮(いわいのみや)に入りて、親(みづか)ら神主(かむぬし)と為(な)りたまふ。則(すなは)ち武内(たけしうち)宿禰に命して琴撫(みことひ)かしむ。中臣烏賊津使主(いかつのおみ)を喚(め)して、審神者にす」(『日本書紀』巻9)などとあるのに代表される。また、夢による神託の例としては、記紀には神武(じんむ)天皇の大和(やまと)平定の条で、天照大神(あまてらすおおみかみ)その他の神々が熊野の高倉下(たかくらじ)という者の夢のなかに教えを垂れ、布都御魂(ふつのみたま)の横刀(たち)を与えた例などがある。さらに奈良時代には、宇佐八幡宮(うさはちまんぐう)の託宣を得て道鏡(どうきょう)の権勢を奪うなど、政治上にも託宣が大きな影響を果たした。また、859年(貞観1)僧行教(ぎょうきょう)が宇佐八幡の託宣を受け、朝廷に奏請して京都の石清水八幡宮(いわしみずはちまんぐう)が創建されたというように、託宣に基づき創建されたとの社伝・縁起を有する神社(寺院)は全国に非常に多数存する。

[佐野和史]

[参照項目] | 占い | オラクル | シャーマニズム

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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