Wave mechanics

Japanese: 波動力学 - はどうりきがく(英語表記)wave mechanics
Wave mechanics

In the realm of atoms, molecules, atomic nuclei, and elementary particles, classical mechanics does not hold true and quantum mechanics dominates. Wave mechanics is one of the forms of quantum mechanics that focuses on the wave aspects of the motion states in this realm, and is a form that contrasts with matrix mechanics. However, it has been shown that the two are equivalent theories of quantum mechanics and are simply expressed differently.

In 1926, Schrödinger extended the electron wave motion proposed by de Broglie based on the analogy of geometric optics, and derived the wave equation for electrons under the action of a potential, i.e., Schrödinger's wave equation, in which the wave number (the inverse of the wavelength), frequency, and refractive index of the wave correspond to the momentum and energy of the electron and the potential that the electron experiences.

A state of motion according to quantum mechanics, that is, a superposition of different quantum states, is also a single quantum state. This characteristic of being superposable is an essential feature of quantum states, and is also a characteristic of waves in general. It is believed that this is also the reason why the equation of motion for a quantum state can take the form of a wave equation. While matrix mechanics expresses physical quantities as matrices, wave mechanics can express quantum states as continuous waves. For this reason, it is the most commonly used form of quantum mechanics, but it has been shown that matrix mechanics and wave mechanics are equivalent, and matter is not considered to be waves.

[Hajime Tanaka and Ikuyoshi Kato]

"Wave Mechanics and Molecular Biology" edited by Louis de Broglie and translated by Imaizumi Tadashi (1964, Hakusuisha)""Schrödinger's Collected Works 1: Collection of Papers on Wave Mechanics" edited by Yukawa Hideki and translated by Tanaka Tadashi and Minami Masatsugu (1974, Kyoritsu Shuppan)""The History of the Formation of Wave Mechanics - Schrödinger's Letters and Short Biography" by Karl Pulchbram and translated by Ezawa Hiroshi (1982, Misuzu Shobo)""The Formation and Logic of Quantum Mechanics 3: The Establishment of Quantum Mechanics and Its Logic" by Takeya Mitsuo and Nagasaki Masayuki (1993, Keiso Shobo)" ▽ "Quantum Mechanics 1" by Ezawa Hiroshi, edited by Koide Shoichiro and Abe Ryuzo (2002, Shokabo)""Wave Mechanics" by Jean-Louis Destouches and translated by Suzuki Norio (Hakusuisha, Quessais-je Bunko)""The History of the Development of Quantum Theory" edited by Takeshi Yoshida and written by Takehiko Takabayashi (Chikuma Gakugei Bunko)

[References] | Matrix mechanics | Schrödinger | Schrödinger's wave equation | de Broglie | Quantum mechanics

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

原子・分子や原子核・素粒子の領域では、古典力学が成り立たず量子力学が支配している。波動力学はこの領域の運動状態の波動的側面に注目して構成した量子力学の形式の一つであって、行列力学と対照的な形式である。しかし両者は互いに同等な量子力学の理論であって、表現が異なるだけであることが示されている。

 1926年、シュレーディンガーは、ド・ブローイが提唱した電子の波動を幾何光学の類推に基づいて拡張し、ポテンシャルの作用を受けている場合の電子の波動方程式すなわちシュレーディンガーの波動方程式を導いた。ここでは電子の運動量・エネルギーおよび電子の受けるポテンシャルに対して波動の波数(波長の逆数)、振動数および屈折率が対応している。

 量子力学に従った運動状態、すなわち量子的状態として異なるものを重ね合わせたものも一つの量子的状態である。この重ね合わせ可能という特徴は量子的状態の本質的な内容であって、しかもこれは波動一般の特徴でもある。量子的状態の運動方程式が波動の方程式の形をとることができるのも、このことに基づいていると考えられる。行列力学が物理量を行列として表現しているのに対して、波動力学は量子的状態を連続的な波動として表現することができる。このため量子力学の形式としてもっともよく用いられるが、行列力学と波動力学とは同等であることが示されており、物質が波動であるとは考えられていない。

[田中 一・加藤幾芳]

『ルイ・ド・ブロイ編、今泉正訳『波動力学および分子生物学』(1964・白水社)』『湯川秀樹監修、田中正・南政次訳『シュレーディンガー選集1 波動力学論文集』(1974・共立出版)』『カール・プルチブラム著、江沢洋訳『波動力学形成史――シュレーディンガーの書簡と小伝』(1982・みすず書房)』『武谷三男・長崎正幸著『量子力学の形成と論理3 量子力学の成立とその論理』(1993・勁草書房)』『小出昭一郎・阿部龍蔵監修、江沢洋著『量子力学1』(2002・裳華房)』『ジャン・ルイ・デトゥーシュ著、鈴木周夫訳『波動力学』(白水社・文庫クセジュ)』『吉田武監修、高林武彦著『量子論の発展史』(ちくま学芸文庫)』

[参照項目] | 行列力学 | シュレーディンガー | シュレーディンガーの波動方程式 | ド・ブローイ | 量子力学

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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