Apprenticeship system - English

Japanese: 徒弟制度 - とていせいど(英語表記)apprentice system 英語
Apprenticeship system - English

A system of learning in which a person learns through hands-on training under the guidance of a master or teacher in a craft, trade, other profession, or artistic or performing art. Skills education was instituted by craft businesses and their trade associations, particularly for the purpose of passing on craft skills from generation to generation. Other self-employed professions, such as medicine and law, also have their own apprenticeship periods.

[Makoto Terao]

Apprenticeship in non-Western countries

The Babylonian Code of Hammurabi already mentioned the apprenticeship system, and the system of mutaallim (apprenticeship) existed in the Islamic period. In medieval China, the apprenticeship system was regulated by guild-like trade associations called gyo (行) and saku (作). Most apprenticeships lasted for three years, but in Chinese guilds, which were like blood-related associations because of their hometown, apprentices were like domestic slaves to their masters. Although it was the same occupational class system, it was a more subordinate system than the apprenticeship system for craftsmen in contractual law-based associations such as those in the medieval West.

[Makoto Terao]

Western Middle Ages

Under the status occupational system organized into guilds, masters who were members of the guilds were obligated to provide training in various handicraft skills. The training was divided into two periods, apprentice and journeyman, and was carried out in a patriarchal training manner by the master. While journeymen were assistant workers to their masters who received wages from them, apprentices received no wages in return for food, lodging, clothing, etc. provided by their masters. After completing the apprenticeship period, which was usually seven years, an apprentice was promoted to journeyman. The length of the period, the method of training, and even the number of apprentices were all stipulated in the guild oath.

When rural industries began to develop outside medieval cities in the 15th century, artisans, free from the constraints of the guild system, organized more free handicraft businesses in rural areas, and the apprenticeship system began to weaken. From the 16th century onwards, the mercantilist policies of absolute monarchies attempted to maintain the apprenticeship system along with the guild system. Although the circumstances of each country were different depending on the strength of medieval cities, the apprenticeship system was modernized with the progress of the Industrial Revolution from the 18th to the 19th century.

[Makoto Terao]

Modern Western

Instead of the old system in which workers were bound to and supported by a master, they will formally receive wages as independent individuals. The transition from the old system to the new system varies depending on the history of each country. As technology advances and specialization progresses, the weight of school education increases in addition to practical training. As the labor union movement develops, legal issues arise as a labor system along with the occupational system.

In Japan, the apprenticeship system has existed since the Edo period, with names such as decchi and inkenyaro.

[Makoto Terao]

[Reference] | Guild | Craftsman

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

手工業、商業そのほかの職業または芸術、芸能の活動において、親方または教師に指導されて実地の訓練を通じて積み重ねる学習の制度。とくに手工業の技能を世代から世代に伝授していくために、手工業経営やその同職組合によって技能教育が制度化された。そのほか、医術や弁護術などの自営業においても独特の実習期間が設けられている。

[寺尾 誠]

西洋以外の徒弟制度

すでにバビロニアのハムラビ法典で徒弟制度に言及されているし、イスラム時代にもムタアリムmutaallim(徒弟)の制度があった。また中世の中国においては、行(こう)や作(さく)とよばれるギルド的な同職組合の手で徒弟制度が規定されていた。多くは3年間の徒弟期間であったが、同郷性という形で、血縁団体に擬せられる中国のギルドにおいては、徒弟は親方たちの家内奴隷的な存在であった。同じ職業身分制でも、西洋中世のような契約的な依法団体における手工業者の実習制度とは異なる、より従属的な制度であった。

[寺尾 誠]

西洋中世

ギルドに組織化された身分的職業制度の下では、ギルドの成員権をもつ親方が、さまざまな手工業における技能教育の義務を負った。その教育は徒弟と職人の二期間に分けられ、親方の家父長的な訓育の仕方で行われた。職人が、親方から賃金を受け取る、親方の補助労働者であるのに対し、徒弟は、食事、宿泊、衣類などを主人から与えられるかわりに賃金はもらわない。普通7年間の徒弟期間が終わると、職人に昇格する。この期間の長さや修業方法、さらに徒弟の数についても、ギルドの誓約条項のなかに規定されていた。

 15世紀に中世都市の外部で農村工業が発達し始めると、ギルド制の拘束から逃れて職人たちがより自由な手工業経営を農村部に組織し、徒弟制度が弱まり始める。16世紀以降、絶対王政の重商主義政策においてギルド制とともに徒弟制の維持も試みられた。中世都市の強さと関連して各国の事情は違っているが、18世紀から19世紀にかけて産業革命が進行することにより、徒弟制度は近代化する。

[寺尾 誠]

西洋近代

親方の下で人格的に拘束され扶養されながらの旧制度にかわり、形式的には独立した人格として賃金を受け取ることになる。各国の歴史によって旧制度から新制度への転換はいろいろである。また技術が進歩し専門化が進むと、実地教育以外に学校教育の比重が増していく。また労働組合の運動が発達していくにつれ、職業制度と同時に労働制度としての法的問題も生ずる。

 なお日本では江戸時代以降、丁稚(でっち)、年季野郎などの名で徒弟制度が行われてきた。

[寺尾 誠]

[参照項目] | ギルド | 職人

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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