Syndicate - syndicate (English spelling)

Japanese: シンジケート - しんじけーと(英語表記)syndicate 英語
Syndicate - syndicate (English spelling)

When a cartel enters into an agreement to sell its member companies' products through a joint distributor, that distributor is called a syndicate. It can also refer to a public bond underwriting association, a cooperative banking association, etc.

A cartel involves joint actions such as limiting production quantities and agreeing on prices, but in many cases the sale of the products is left to the discretion of the individual companies. As a result, the agreed prices and quantity limits are often not observed, leading to cartel violations. In order to prevent such violations of cartel agreements, a joint sales organization (syndicate) is established to exclusively sell the products of the member companies, ensuring compliance with the quantity limits and price agreements. Therefore, such syndicates are a type of cartel, and are a development of cartels in the distribution process.

There are several types of syndicates, including (1) intermediary joint sales, in which the syndicate accepts orders from buyers and allocates them to member companies, (2) commissioned joint sales, in which the syndicate not only accepts and allocates orders but also sells them on behalf of member companies, and (3) purchasing joint sales, in which all products are purchased from member companies and sold by a joint sales organization. Syndicates are a method of monitoring and complementing whether cartel behavior is being observed by controlling the distribution process, so (3) purchasing joint sales is the most powerful. However, even when a syndicate is established, the member companies still maintain their independence, so disputes tend to arise between member companies over the allocation of sales quotas, which can lead to the collapse of the syndicate.

In Japan, the Antimonopoly Act was enacted in 1947 after the Second World War, and Article 3, prohibiting unreasonable trade restraints, not only prohibits cartels such as production restrictions and price fixing, but also syndicates. Therefore, open syndicates disappeared after the war, but the open sales systems and backlog purchase agencies that were established in many industries in the 1950s had a complementary function to cartels in the distribution process, and to that extent can be considered a type of syndicate.

[Misono students, etc.]

[Reference] | Cartel

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

カルテルが加盟企業の製品を共同販売機関を通じて販売する協定を締結した場合、その一手販売機関をシンジケートという。このほか公社債引受事業団、協調融資銀行団などをさす場合もある。

 カルテルは生産数量の制限や価格協定などの共同行為を行うが、製品の販売については企業の自主性にゆだねられている場合が多い。そこでしばしば協定価格や数量制限が守られず、カルテル破りが生ずる。このようなカルテル協定違反を防ぐため、加盟企業の製品を一手に販売する共同販売機関(シンジケート)を設け、数量制限や協定価格の遵守を確保しようとする。したがって、このようなシンジケートはカルテルの一種であり、流通過程におけるカルテルの発展である。

 シンジケートには、(1)シンジケートが買い手からの注文を引き受け、これを加盟各社に割り当てる仲介共同販売、(2)注文の引受けと割当てだけでなく、加盟各社からの委託を受けて販売を自らが行う委託共同販売、(3)すべての製品を加盟各社から買い取り、これを共同販売機関が販売する買取共同販売、などがある。シンジケートは、カルテル行為が守られているかどうかを、流通過程を統制することによって監視し補完する方法であるから、(3)の買取共同販売がもっとも強力である。しかし、シンジケートを設けても、依然として加盟企業の独立性は保持されているので、販売割当て数量の割当てをめぐって加盟企業間の紛争が生じがちとなり、これを契機としてシンジケートが崩壊することがある。

 わが国では第二次世界大戦後の1947年(昭和22)に独占禁止法が制定され、第3条、不当な取引制限の禁止の規定において、生産制限や価格協定などのカルテルを禁止しているだけでなく、シンジケートをも禁止の対象としている。したがって戦後は公然たるシンジケートはなくなったが、昭和30年代に多くの業界に設けられた公開販売制や滞貨買取機関などは、流通過程におけるカルテルの補完機能をもち、その限りにおいて一種のシンジケートであるとみられる。

[御園生等]

[参照項目] | カルテル

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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