Pacific bluefin tuna

Japanese: クロマグロ - くろまぐろ(英語表記)pacific bluefin tuna
Pacific bluefin tuna

A marine fish belonging to the family Scombridae in the order Perciformes of the class Osteichthyes. It is also called bluefin tuna. The Atlantic bluefin tuna that lives in the Atlantic Ocean has been considered a separate species in recent years, and the term "bluefin tuna" generally refers to the Pacific bluefin tuna. Like the Atlantic bluefin tuna, it is the largest of the tuna species, reaching a total length of 3 meters and a weight of 400 kilograms. It has relatively short pectoral fins and small eye diameter. The back of the body is dark blue and the abdomen is silvery white. Young fish have a dozen or so pale horizontal stripes on the sides of the body and are called "yokowa". Young fish under about 1 meter in length are commonly called meji or kuro-meji, and large ones are called shibi, but the name shibi is also an archaic word for tuna. The internal structure of the body is characterized by numerous vascular stripes distributed on the ventral surface of the liver and a well-developed capillary network in the muscles, providing a mechanism for maintaining body temperature.

The main distribution area of ​​bluefin tuna is the temperate zone of the North Pacific Ocean, and it also lives in parts of the subtropics and subarctic zones. There is also a small distribution around New Zealand in the Southern Hemisphere. The northern edge of its distribution is known to be from the southern Kuril Islands to the coast of southern Canada. It undergoes a large transoceanic migration at a young age. Bluefin tuna are the most common tuna that migrate from the coastal waters of Japan to the coast, and they also live in the Sea of ​​Japan. The main spawning grounds are from Taiwan to the coastal waters of Okinawa and the Sea of ​​Japan, with the spawning season being from April to July in the former and from July to August in the latter. The newly born larvae (shigyo) grow to 20 to 30 centimeters in length (young fish) and migrate to the coast of Japan from late summer to early autumn. Some 1- to 2-year-old fish migrate across the Pacific Ocean to the waters of California, where they stay for about two years before returning to the coastal waters of Japan. They migrate north in the spring and south in the fall and winter, and when they reach maturity at 3 to 5 years old, they return to their spawning grounds. They have a long lifespan, thought to be over 20 years old.

It is caught using a variety of fishing methods, including fixed nets, seine lines, pole fishing, purse seine, and longline fishing. Its deep red flesh is ideal for sashimi and sushi. "Toro" is the fatty part of the belly, and those caught in winter are especially delicious. It is the highest quality of tuna, and due to its high price and demand, farming has expanded. Natural fry are mainly raised in large cages for 2-3 years. Farming using artificial seedlings is also on the rise. Farmed production in 2013 is estimated to be around 9,000 tons.

The main spawning and rearing grounds for bluefin tuna are in the waters surrounding Japan, and nearly 70% of the catch is done by Japanese fisheries. Furthermore, most of the catch and farmed production is consumed in the Japanese market. This species is managed as an international resource by the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission, but given the current state of ecology and utilization, Japan has been taking the lead in conducting research and proposing management for the sustainable use of resources. As of 2014, the resource status is said to be close to the lowest level in the past 61 years for which scientific data has been compiled, and management measures to limit the catch of immature fish are being considered in order to restore the resource.

[Shoji Kamiyanagi and Mimoto Ogura January 20, 2015]

[Reference] | Migration | Atlantic bluefin tuna | Tuna
Major types of tuna (specimen illustrations)
© Tadaaki Ohkata ">

Major types of tuna (specimen illustrations)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

硬骨魚綱スズキ目サバ科に属する海水魚。ホンマグロともよばれる。大西洋に生息するタイセイヨウクロマグロは近年別種とされており、一般的に「クロマグロ」という場合は「太平洋クロマグロ」をさす。タイセイヨウクロマグロと同様にマグロ類のなかではもっとも大形で、全長3メートル、体重400キログラムに達する。胸びれが比較的短く、眼径が小さい。体の背部は暗青色、腹部は銀白色を呈する。若魚では体側に十数条の淡色横帯があり、ヨコワとよばれる。体長約1メートル以下の若年魚はメジ、クロメジ、大形のものはシビと俗称されるが、シビの名はマグロの古語でもある。体の内部構造として、肝臓腹面に多数の脈管条が分布し、筋肉中の毛細血管網が発達していて、体温維持の機構を備えている。

 クロマグロのおもな分布域は北太平洋の温帯域で、亜熱帯や亜寒帯の一部にかけても生息する。また南半球ニュージーランド周辺でもわずかな分布がみられる。分布の北縁は南千島からカナダ南部沿海が知られている。若年期に大きな渡洋回遊をする。日本近海から沿岸に分布回遊するマグロではクロマグロがもっとも多く、日本海にも生息する。おもな産卵場は台湾から沖縄近海、および日本海であり、産卵期は前者で4~7月、後者では7、8月。生まれた仔魚(しぎょ)は晩夏から初秋にかけて体長20~30センチメートルの若魚(ヨコワ)に成長して日本沿岸に来遊する。1~2歳魚になると太平洋を横断してカリフォルニア水域に回遊するものがあり、そこで2年ぐらい滞留して、ふたたび日本近海に戻ってくる。春になると北上し、秋から冬には南下する季節的な南北回遊を行い、3~5歳になって成熟すると産卵場に回帰する。寿命は長く、20歳以上とされている。

 定置網、引縄、竿(さお)釣り、巻網(旋(まき)網)、延縄(はえなわ)など種々の漁法で漁獲される。肉は濃赤色で刺身やすし種(だね)として好適。「とろ」は腹側の脂肪が多い肉の部分で、冬季漁獲されるものはとくに賞味される。マグロ類中の最高級魚であり、価格も高く需要も多いので養殖が拡大してきた。おもに天然稚魚を大型生け簀(す)で2~3年飼育する。人工種苗による養殖も増えつつある。2013年の養殖生産量は9000トン程度と推定されている。

 クロマグロは主要な産卵場や生育場が日本の周辺海域であり、漁獲の7割近くが日本の漁業によって行われている。また、漁獲物・養殖生産のほとんどが日本市場で消費されている。本種は国際資源として中西部太平洋まぐろ類委員会が管理するが、生態・利用の現状から、日本は資源の持続的利用に向けた調査や管理提案を率先して行ってきている。2014年(平成26)時点の資源状況は科学的データが整備されている過去61年間で最低水準に近いとされており、資源回復に向けて未成熟魚の漁獲を制限する管理措置が検討されている。

[上柳昭治・小倉未基 2015年1月20日]

[参照項目] | 回遊 | タイセイヨウクロマグロ | マグロ
マグロのおもな種類〔標本画〕
©大片忠明">

マグロのおもな種類〔標本画〕


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