A method in which taxpayers pay taxes based on tax returns that they fill out themselves in accordance with the tax law and submit to the tax administration agency. Under this method, the amount of tax to be paid is determined by the taxpayer's declaration, and only in cases where there is no declaration or the declaration is inappropriate is the tax liability determined by a correction or decision by the tax administration agency. In contrast, a method in which the amount of tax to be paid is determined solely by the assessment of the tax administration agency is called the assessment method. The self-assessment system is a system that has traditionally been adopted in the United States, and since it is in line with the democratic idea of tax payment and contributes to improving the efficiency of tax collection, it has been widely adopted in Japan after World War II in place of the traditional assessment system, and is currently used for almost all national taxes, including income tax, corporate tax, inheritance tax, gift tax, liquor tax, commodity tax, customs duty, etc. As for local taxes, a self-assessment system known as self-assessment is used for corporate business tax and corporate municipal tax. Each of these taxes has a filing deadline, and a filing within this deadline is called a filing within the deadline. A filing can be made after the deadline until a decision is made, but this is called a filing after the deadline. Also, even after filing once, if the tax amount on the return is too low, the amount of net loss is too high, or the tax amount equivalent to the refund amount is too high, a filing can be made to revise the tax base or tax amount on the return until a correction is made. Even after a correction or decision has been made, if you realize that the tax amount after the correction or decision is too low or the net loss is too high, you can file a filing to revise the tax base or tax amount on the correction or decision, but this is called an amended return. In the case of income tax and corporate tax, taxable income is generated continuously as time progresses, and there is a system in place to collect tax in the form of estimated payments or withholding tax in the middle of the period without waiting for the passage of time. In the case of income tax, the amount to be paid in the middle of the period is automatically determined, so no reporting is required from the withholding tax payer or estimated tax payer, but in the case of corporate tax, a planned return is required. A planned return made in the middle of the fiscal year is called an interim return, and a return made after the fiscal year has passed is called a final return. In addition, in order to encourage the practice of accurate bookkeeping, the blue return system, which allows tax benefits, is adopted for income tax and corporate tax. In this way, the self-assessment system respects the initiative of the taxpayer and is a democratic system, but that does not necessarily mean that the assessment system is undemocratic. Even if the assessment system is used, it can be made to be similar to the assessment system depending on how it is operated. Looking at the systems of major countries, the United States uses the assessment system as mentioned above, where individual taxpayers file a provisional tax return during the tax year, reporting their estimated total income for that year, and at the same time pay the estimated tax amount based on their own calculations in four equal installments. In addition, at the end of the tax year, they submit a final tax return for the amount of income they actually earned. The UK uses the assessment system, but they are required to submit a tax return as a reference material. In Germany, taxpayers must also file a tax return, but this is only a reference for determining the amount of tax, and the amount of tax is determined after the tax office's investigation is completed. [Masatoshi Hayashi] [Reference item] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
納税者が自ら租税法の定めるところに従って記入し、税務行政庁に提出する納税申告書に基づいて、税金を納付する方式。この方式の下では、納付すべき税額は納税者の申告によって確定するのが原則であり、申告がない場合や申告が不適当な内容である場合に限って、租税行政庁の更正または決定によって納税義務額を確定する。これに対して、納付すべき税額がもっぱら租税行政庁の査定によって確定する方式を賦課課税方式とよぶ。 申告納税方式は、伝統的にアメリカで採用されてきた方式であり、民主的納税思想によく一致するとともに、徴税の能率の向上にも資するので、第二次世界大戦後、わが国でも従来の賦課課税方式にかえて広く採用されるようになり、現在、所得税、法人税、相続税、贈与税、酒税、物品税、関税などほとんど大部分の国税について採用されている。また、地方税については、法人の事業税、法人の市町村税などで申告納付とよばれる申告納税方式の制度がとられている。 これらの各税では、それぞれ申告の期限が定められており、この期限内に行われる申告を期限内申告とよぶ。期限が過ぎたあとでも決定のあるまでは申告をすることができるが、これを期限後申告という。また、一度申告したあとでも、更正があるまでは、申告にかかる税額が過小であったり、純損失などの金額が過大であったり、還付金の額に相当する税額が過大であった場合には、その申告にかかる課税標準または税額などを修正する申告をすることができる。更正・決定を受けたあとにも、更正・決定による税額が過小であったり、純損失などが過大であったりする事実に気づいたときには、更正・決定にかかる課税標準または税額などを修正する内容の申告をすることができるが、これを修正申告とよぶ。 所得税とか法人税の場合には、課税物件である所得は期間の進行とともに連続的に発生しており、期間の経過を待たずにその途中で予定納税とか源泉徴収の形で租税を徴収する制度が存在する。所得税の場合にはこのように途中で納付すべき額は自動的に確定するから源泉徴収義務者や予定納税義務者からの申告は必要ではないが、法人税の場合には予定的申告が必要である。このように年度の途中で予定的にする申告を中間申告とよび、年度が経過してからする申告を確定申告とよぶ。また、正確な記帳の風習を奨励する意味から、所得税および法人税については税制上の特典を認める青色申告制度を採用している。 このように申告納税方式は、納税者の自発性を尊重するものであり、民主的な制度であるが、だからといって賦課課税方式は非民主的な制度であるとは一概にはいえない。賦課課税方式であっても、運用しだいでは、申告納税方式に近い形にすることができるからである。主要国の方式をみてみると、アメリカでは先にも述べたように申告納税方式をとっており、個人納税義務者は、課税年度中に予定申告を行い、当該年度の総所得の見積額を申告し、同時に自己の計算に基づく推定税額を4期に均等納付する。さらに課税年度終了後に実際に取得した所得額について確定申告書を提出する。イギリスでは賦課課税方式がとられているが、参考資料として申告書の提出が要請されている。ドイツでも納税義務者は租税申告をしなければならないが、これは税額を決定するための資料にすぎず、税務署の調査の終了後税額が決定される。 [林 正寿] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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