Penicillin

Japanese: ペニシリン - ぺにしりん(英語表記)penicillin
Penicillin

The first antibiotic used as a treatment. In 1928, British bacteriologist Fleming noticed that a mold had accidentally been mixed into the culture medium while culturing staphylococci, causing the staphylococci to lyse around the mold. He discovered that the culture fluid of this mold, Penicillium notatum, contained a substance that exhibited antibacterial properties, and named this substance penicillin. However, without the cooperation of experienced chemists, the filtrate was left untouched for about 10 years without being able to be refined and concentrated to a level where its therapeutic value could be examined. Thus, in 1940, British pathologist Florey and biochemist Chain et al. isolated penicillin in a powder form for the first time, and it began to be used in a chemically stable form. It was demonstrated to have a remarkable therapeutic effect on gram-positive bacterial infections in humans, ushering in the era of antibiotics. This is called the rediscovery of penicillin.

Penicillin was originally thought to be a single substance, but it was discovered to be a mixture of four types, F, G, X, and K, of which G (benzylpenicillin) was found to be superior in biological activity and stability. Currently, there are natural (biosynthetic) penicillin and synthetic penicillin, each of which is divided into oral and injectable forms.

Natural penicillins include benzylpenicillin potassium and benzylpenicillin procaine, which are primarily used for injection, and benzathine benzylpenicillin and phenoxymethylpenicillin potassium for oral use.

Meanwhile, the synthesis of 6-aminopenicillanic acid, the parent compound of penicillin, was successful (1957), and the majority of penicillin preparations today are now synthetic penicillins. Initially, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, methicillin, and other drugs were developed to reduce the incidence of resistant bacteria and allergies, which were drawbacks of penicillin, but today, synthetic penicillins starting with ampicillin, which is effective against not only gram-positive bacteria but also gram-negative bacteria, are mainstream, and include amoxicillin, talampicillin, bacampicillin, carfecillin, carindacillin, hetacillin, cyclacillin, carbenicillin, sulbenicillin, ticarcillin, piperacillin, and mezlocillin, and ones effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa have also been developed.

In addition, because penicillin has a β-lactam ring in its basic chemical structure, it is called a β-lactam antibiotic along with cephalosporin antibiotics, which also have a β-lactam ring.

[Fumiji Koho]

[References] | Penicillium | Antibiotics | Fleming

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

治療薬として最初に使われた抗生物質。1928年、イギリスの細菌学者フレミングが、ブドウ球菌の培養中に偶然アオカビが培地に混入してその周辺でブドウ球菌の溶菌現象がおこっているのを認め、このアオカビPenicillium notatumの培養液中に抗菌作用を示す物質のあることを発見、その物質をペニシリンと命名した。しかし、熟練した化学者の協力がなく、治療価値を調べられる程度まで濾液(ろえき)を精選濃縮することができないまま約10年間も放置されていた。かくして1940年に至り、イギリスの病理学者フローリーと生化学者チェインらによって初めて粉末状に分離され、化学的に安定な形で使われるようになり、ヒトのグラム陽性菌感染症にすばらしい治療効果を示すことが実証され、抗生物質時代の幕開きとなった。これをペニシリンの再発見とよんでいる。

 ペニシリンは当初単一物質と考えられていたが、F、G、X、Kの4種が混在していることがわかり、そのうちG(ベンジルペニシリン)が生物学的活性および安定性において優れていることが明らかとなった。現在、ペニシリンには天然(生合成)ペニシリンと合成ペニシリンとがあり、それぞれ経口用と注射用に分けられている。

 天然ペニシリンには、主として注射用に使われるベンジルペニシリンカリウムやベンジルペニシリンプロカイン、経口用のベンジルペニシリンベンザチンやフェノキシメチルペニシリンカリウムがある。

 一方、ペニシリンの母核である6-アミノペニシラン酸の合成に成功(1957)し、現在のペニシリン製剤の大部分は合成ペニシリンになった。初めはペニシリンの欠点である耐性菌やアレルギーの発生の少ないものとして、クロキサシリン、ジクロキサシリン、メチシリンなどが開発されたが、現在ではグラム陽性菌ばかりでなく、グラム陰性菌にも有効なアンピシリンより始まる合成ペニシリンが主流を占め、アモキシシリン、タランピシリン、バカンピシリン、カルフェシリン、カリンダシリン、ヘタシリン、シクラシリン、カルベニシリン、スルベニシリン、チカルシリン、ピペラシリン、メズロシリンがあり、緑膿(りょくのう)菌にも有効なものが開発された。

 なお、ペニシリンは化学構造上、基本骨格にβ-ラクタム環をもつところから、同じくβ-ラクタム環をもつセファロスポリン系抗生物質とともに、β-ラクタム系抗生物質とよばれている。

[幸保文治]

[参照項目] | アオカビ | 抗生物質 | フレミング

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Penicillin shock

>>:  Benishitaba (red underwing) - Benishitaba (English spelling) Catocala electa

Recommend

Saburo Katsuta

...He is thought to have been a member of the Min...

Congenital syphilis

Syphilis is transmitted from the mother through th...

Uranium City

A city in northwestern Saskatchewan, Canada, near ...

Jun Ito

…In 1915, the Kiso Dance was revived in Kiso Fuku...

Sei Ito

Poet, novelist, and critic. His real name was Hit...

Official - Kannin

〘Noun〙① A government official. Official. ※Man'...

Gilbert, JW

…He was involved in the establishment of the Nati...

Pagnol - Marcel Pagnol

French playwright. Born in a farming family in Au...

Uniaxial joint - Fig joint

...Tendons are attachments of muscles rather than...

Closed hunting area

Areas where hunting is suspended. A type of wildl...

Dharma language - Hogo

Originally it meant words spoken in accordance wi...

University Press - daigakushupanbutsu (English name) university press

An organization that publishes for a university, e...

Popular Song - Kayo

When we refer to popular music broadly, it is not...

Rotating mirror high speed camera

...Like the next rotating mirror camera, the numb...

Closing argument and sentencing - Ronkokukyukei

The procedure for trial dates in criminal cases be...