Law of population

Japanese: 人口法則 - じんこうほうそく
Law of population
There are two explanations for the law of population in human society, the most representative of which are TR Malthus's "An Essay on the Principle of Population" and K. Marx's "Capital" (Vol. 1). Malthus's theory is based on the premise that human reproductive power is generally strong as long as food is supplied, and because population growth is a geometric progression while food growth is an arithmetic progression, human society is constantly threatened by the existence of a population that exceeds food. He explains that this is a natural law of population law that exists regardless of the form of human society. On the other hand, Marx explains it as an artificial law of human society. In other words, in a capitalist society in which capitalists who monopolize the huge means of production force propertyless workers to produce and exploit their surplus labor, the purpose of production is to increase the amount of surplus labor of the workers who are the objects of exploitation, that is, to increase capital accumulation. Therefore, capitalists strive to constantly improve the organic composition of capital in order to reduce the portion of payments to workers and increase their own share. This inevitably leads to a progressive increase in the surplus of workers. The existence of surplus population, represented by an excess of workers, is a relative surplus of workers in relation to the increase in the amount of capital (relative surplus population), and is nothing more than an artificial creation caused by capital accumulation through the advancement of the organic composition of capitalists. In other words, it is a population law peculiar to capitalist society.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
人間社会における人口法則については2通りの説明があり,その代表的なものとして T.R.マルサスの『人口論』と K.マルクスの『資本論』 (第1巻) をあげることができる。マルサスの場合,人間の生殖力は食糧が供給されるかぎり一般的に強大であるという前提に立ち,人口の増加は幾何級数であるのに対して,食糧の増加は算術級数的であるがゆえに,人間社会は食糧を上回る人口の存在に絶えず脅かされるとし,これは人間の社会形態のいかんを問わず,自然法則的な人口法則が存在するものであると説明する。一方マルクスの場合は,人間社会の人為的法則として説明される。すなわち巨大な生産手段を独占的に所有する資本家が無産の労働者に生産を強制し,その剰余労働を搾取する資本主義社会において,生産の目的は搾取対象である労働者の剰余労働量の増大,つまり資本蓄積の増大にある。したがって資本家は労働者への支払い部分を減少させ,みずからの収得部分を増大させるべく資本の有機的構成を絶えず高度化するよう努める。このため労働者の過剰が必然的に累進化する。こうした労働者の過剰に表わされる過剰人口の存在は,資本量の増大に対する労働者の相対的過剰 (相対的過剰人口) であり,資本家の有機的構成の高度化を通した資本蓄積によって人為的に形成されたものにほかならない。換言すればそれは資本主義社会に特有な人口法則であるとする。

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