The price placed on a stock. Also known as the bid price. Generally, it is the price of listed stocks, and the stock price is determined by supply and demand in the securities market. The prices of stocks that are not listed (over-the-counter securities) are determined by off-exchange trading, and often differ depending on the securities company, so they are distinguished from the bid price. Like general commodities, stock prices are basically determined by supply and demand, but because stocks involve many economic and legal factors, the process of stock price formation is very complex and its analysis is extremely difficult. To date, stock price formation has been broadly divided into theoretical approaches and empirical approaches (securities market approaches). The first theoretical approach is the theoretical stock price. Stocks are granted various legal rights known as shareholder rights, and the most basic and specific right is the right to receive income (dividends). Although uncertain, this income is capitalized at the general interest rate objectively, and at the expected interest rate subjectively and practically, resulting in a stock price, which is called the theoretical stock price. In this case, the evaluation changes depending on the forecast for dividends, which are the core of income, or in other words, the forecast for fluctuations in corporate earnings. Furthermore, fluctuations in the general interest rate and expected interest rate also affect the rise and fall of stock prices. Therefore, although the theoretical method of measuring stock prices is simple, extremely complex and diverse problems arise when it comes to practical evaluation and measurement. Next, there is the theory of stock price formation based on the securities market analysis method. In other words, this theory posits that stock prices are determined by a law called the market psychology theory of demand and supply, and lists market popularity as the factor that drives the supply and demand relationship, and secondary factors include (1) interest rates, (2) political and economic changes, (3) corporate earnings, (4) economic fluctuations, (5) labor conditions at domestic companies, (6) trends in the national economy, and (7) population issues. In contrast to the above-mentioned ideas, there is a theory of security analysis that bases its evaluation on the intrinsic value of stocks. In the securities market approach, many influential factors in stock price formation are listed, but since these are entirely based on past relationships to predict the ripple effect on the future, it has been pointed out that this method lacks scientific validity. Therefore, stock price theory based on security analysis attempts to determine stock prices by predicting future trends in the economy, focusing on the profitability of the company, and then analyzing the company's financials. In addition, there is the growth stock price theory. This theory has been put forward from the perspective of emphasizing corporate earnings, arguing that if dividends are viewed as the only factor that determines a company's stock price, dividends tend to be extremely arbitrary depending on the company's dividend policy, and that it is inappropriate to judge only based on superficial dividends. In other words, this is the idea of the price-earnings multiple. This is composed of the relationship between the market price of stocks and corporate earnings per share, and individual stock prices are calculated from the ratio of the two. In this case, it goes without saying that it is important to measure future expected earnings and predict the growth of earnings per share. In addition, there is the random hypothesis, which attempts to predict stock prices based on the idea of probability theory. As mentioned above, stock prices fluctuate due to many factors, so it is extremely difficult to predict them. However, to determine whether a stock price is appropriate in light of the company's performance and the overall stock price level, stock yields are used in Japan and price-earnings ratios are used in the United States. Yields are calculated by dividing annual dividends by stock price, and are suitable for looking at a company's dividend power and investment capital efficiency, but do not take into account the company's profitability or growth potential. In contrast, price-earnings ratios are calculated by dividing stock price by net income per share, and are said to be able to evaluate stock prices more rationally because they reflect the company's capabilities better than yields, and have been widely used in Japan in recent years. Some also use graphs that show past stock price movements. Apart from these evaluations of individual stock prices, average stock prices (such as the Nikkei Stock Average) and stock price indexes (such as the Tokyo Stock Exchange Price Index) are used to see the overall trends in the stock market. [Atsushi Oketa and Takuo Maeda] [Reference items] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
株式につけられた価格。出来値ともいう。一般に上場銘柄の株式の価格であって、その株価は証券市場における需要と供給によって形成される。上場銘柄以外の株式(店頭有価証券)は取引所外売買によって価格が形成され、証券会社ごとに異なることが多いので、出来値とは区別される。株価は一般の商品と同じように基本的には需要と供給によって決まるが、株式は経済的にも法律的にも多くの要素をもっているから、株価の形成過程は非常に複雑で、その分析はきわめてむずかしい。これまで、株価の形成に関して、大別して理論的アプローチと実証的アプローチ(証券市場的アプローチ)が行われてきた。 理論的アプローチとしては第一に理論株価があげられる。株式は株主権という法律上の各種権利が付与されており、もっとも基本的かつ具体的な権利としては果実所得(配当)が得られることである。そこで、不確定ではあるが、この果実所得を客観的には一般利子率で、主観的、実践的には期待利子率で資本還元したものが株価であり、これを理論株価とよんでいる。この場合、果実所得の中心である配当に対する予想、いいかえれば企業収益の変動に関する予測によって評価が変わってくること、さらに一般利子率や期待利子率の変動によっても株価の騰落が影響されるなど、株価の理論的な測定方法は簡単であっても、その実践的な評価測定となると、きわめて複雑多岐な問題が生じてくる。 ついで、証券市場分析方法による株価形成の理論があげられる。すなわち、株価は需要供給の市場心理説とよばれる法則によって決定されるとする説で、需給関係を動かす要因として、まず市場の人気をあげ、副次的要因としては、(1)利子率、(2)政治経済の変化、(3)企業収益、(4)景気変動、(5)国内企業の労働事情、(6)国民経済の推移、(7)人口問題などの項目をあげている。 以上のような考え方に対して、株式のもつ本質的な価値にその評価の基盤を求める証券分析論がある。証券市場的アプローチでは、多くの株価形成の影響要因をあげているが、それらはまったく過去の関係をもって将来への波及効果を予測しているため、この方法には科学性が乏しいとする指摘がある。そこで、証券分析論に基づく株価論は、企業の収益力を中心に、経済界の今後の推移を予測したうえで、企業の財務分析によって株価を決定しようとするものである。このほか、成長株価論がある。これは、配当が企業の唯一の株価決定要素とみるには、配当が企業の配当政策によってきわめて恣意(しい)的になりがちであり、また表面的配当のみをもって判断することは当を得ないとして、企業収益重視の立場から出されてきたものである。すなわち、株価収益倍数の考え方がそれである。これは、株式市価と1株当りの企業収益との関係から構成され、両者の比率から個々の株価を算定する。その場合、今後の予想収益の測定、1株当りの利益の成長の予測が重要になってくるのはいうまでもない。このほか、確率論の考え方に基づいて株価を予測しようとするランダム仮説などがある。 以上のように、株価は多くの要因によって変動するので、その予測はきわめて困難であるが、実際に株価がその会社の業績や全体の株価水準からみて適当かどうかを判断するために、日本では株式利回り、アメリカでは株価収益率が用いられる。利回りは、年間の配当金を株価で割ったもので、会社の配当力や投資資金の効率性をみるうえでは適しているが、会社の収益力や成長性などについての考慮はまったく払われていない。これに対して株価収益率は、株価を1株当りの税引き利益で割ったもので、利回りよりも企業の実力が反映されていることから合理的に株価の評価ができるとされ、近年日本でも利用度が高い。なお一部では、過去の株価の動きをグラフ化した罫線(けいせん)が用いられている。これら個々の株価の評価とは別に、株式市場全体の動向をみるためには、平均株価(日経平均株価など)や株価指数(東証株価指数など)が利用される。 [桶田 篤・前田拓生] [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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