Born: 1896, Hanover [Died] May 25, 1988. New York. German-American social and economic historian and China expert. He joined the labor movement early on, joining the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany in 1914 and the German Communist Party in 1919. In 1925, he edited the Communist Party's organ, Rote Fahne, and later served as a member of the Comintern's Education and Propaganda Committee. Influenced by Marx, he defined the three moments involved in the production process as labor force, means of labor, and objects of labor, and detailed the social and natural aspects corresponding to their historical stages of development. He also became interested in the Chinese Revolution in 1919, and studied Eastern society, especially Chinese society, for a long time as an empirical researcher. In works such as Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft Chinas (1931), he developed the theory of Chinese social history from the standpoint of historical materialism, from G. Hegel to M. Weber. In particular, he shed light on the socio-economic foundations of bureaucracy and Asian despotism, pioneering the scientific study of China in Europe. He considered irrigation to be an essential condition for Chinese agriculture, and water-control projects to be the socio-economic foundation of a centralized bureaucratic state. With the emergence of the Nazi regime in 1933, he fled to the United States, and in 1934 he became a naturalized American citizen, lecturing on Chinese history at Columbia University, the University of Washington, and other institutions. After World War II, he gradually became anti-Marxist, and wrote works critical of the Soviet Union and the Communist Party. In addition to the above, his representative works include Geschichte der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft (History of Civil Society) (24), Die Theorie der Orientalischen Gesellschaft (The Theory of Oriental Society) (38), Chinese Social History - Liao Dynasty (49), and Oriental Despotism (Oriental Despotism) (57). Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
[生]1896. ハノーバー [没]1988.5.25. ニューヨーク ドイツ系のアメリカの社会経済史学者,中国研究家。早くから労働運動に加わり,1914年ドイツ独立社会民主党,19年ドイツ共産党に入党。 25年共産党機関誌『ローテ・ファーネ』の編集にたずさわり,のちにコミンテルン教育宣伝委員をつとめた。マルクスの影響を受け,生産過程に参与するモメントを労働力,労働手段,労働対象の3つとし,それらの歴史的発展段階に対応する社会的・自然的側面を詳細に示した。また 19年から中国革命に関心をもち,実証研究として長く東洋,特に中国の社会を研究し,『中国の経済と社会』 Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft Chinas (1931) などの著作によって,G.ヘーゲルから M.ウェーバーにいたる中国社会史論を史的唯物論の立場から発展させた。特に官僚制とアジア的専制の社会経済的基盤を明らかにし,ヨーロッパの科学的中国研究を開拓した。灌漑を中国農業の本質的条件とみて,治水事業を中央集権的官僚制国家の社会経済的基盤であるとした。 33年ナチス政権の出現とともにアメリカに亡命,34年アメリカに帰化し,コロンビア大学,ワシントン大学などで中国史を講じた。第2次世界大戦後は次第に反マルクス主義的となりソ連や共産党に批判的な著述を著わした。代表的著書は上記のほか『市民社会史』 Geschichte der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft (24) ,『東洋的社会の理論』 Die Theorie der Orientalischen Gesellschaft (38) ,『中国社会史-遼』 (49) ,『東洋的専制主義』 Oriental Despotism (57) など。 出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報 |
>>: Witwatersrand (English spelling)
…They are also called wandering monks, but this t...
A town in Kitasoma County in southern Ibaraki Pref...
…On the other hand, the abundant water volume all...
When igneous rocks are classified based on their ...
A marine fish belonging to the family Moray eel o...
…His uncle, Date Hyobu Shoyu Munekatsu, and his h...
…A bundle of rays that share a single plane, i.e....
This hot spring is located in Yamanouchi Town, Shi...
...a tube between the tympanic cavity of the midd...
The first post station on the Koshu road, located ...
Norwegian novelist. Also known as Kieran or Själa...
A feudal lord in Yamato during the Warring States...
This is a device for observing the meridian passa...
A general term for birds in the family Thinocorida...
A marine fish of the family Takambidae in the orde...