Johakyu - Johakyu

Japanese: 序破急 - じょはきゅう

〘Noun〙① Three divisions in the composition of Gagaku music. They correspond to movements in Western music. "Jo" is the first section, characterized by not following the beat. "Ha" is the middle section of the piece, where the music follows the beat but is played at a slower speed. "Kyu" is the last section, with a slightly faster tempo than Jo and Ha. In Bugaku, Jo is the entrance music, while Ha and Kyu are the accompaniment for the dance. It is said that a piece that has all three of Jo, Ha and Kyu is ideal, but in reality there are few pieces like this. Ha is played with an extended beat, and Kyu is played with a fast beat. [Iroha Jiruisho (1177-81)] *Gakukaroku (1690) 13 "For musicians, Jo _{, Ha,} Kyu and the three pieces are _{one and the} _same ."② Three divisions of speed in performing arts. "Jo" is slow, "Ha" is neither slow nor fast, and "Kyu" is fast. It is also used to refer to the tempo of stories such as Joruri and Kodan, and the speed and slowness of the voice. ※Sasamegoto (around 1463-64), part 2: "If one reaches these two levels, one will be confused by the jo, ha, kyu of the myriad ways, the order, correct flow, causality, and metaphors of the various sutras and treatises." ※Kayo Matsu no Ha (1703), vol. 5, Ka otome: "First, it is essential to carefully match the tone of the shamisen and then begin singing, with ups and downs like jo, ha, kyu ." ③ In Noh and Joruri, the three divisions in the structure of a script. Regardless of whether they match the speed or not, "jo" is the introduction, "ha" is the development, and "kyu" is the conclusion. ※Description Theory (1911), Tayama Katai, vol. 4: "Writers in the past thought about the punch line. They also considered things like jo, ha, kyu." ④ The three divisions in the direction of the performance. "Jo" is smooth and clear, "Ha" is skillful and full of variation, and "Kyu" is short and dynamic. In Noh, this principle should be applied from beginning to end as a progression principle, from a day's program to a single Noh piece, to every move and gesture. *Fushikaden (around 1400-02) 3 "Should we somehow determine the jo, ha, and kyu (joha-kifu) in Noh?" ⑤ In renga and renku, the progression of one volume is divided into three parts. The beginning should be calm and uneventful, then there should be many twists and turns to make it interesting, and the end should be smooth and light. *Tsukuba Mondo (around 1357-72) "Does music also have jo, ha, and kyu? In renga, the first kaishi should be jo, the second kaishi should be ha, and the third and fourth kaishi should be kyu." ⑥ The beginning, middle, and end of everything. A word used to describe the way things develop. ※From the Kana Zoushi, Kaigusa (1647): “You should be able to distinguish between good and evil, and use your abilities with due consideration for the proper timing and speed of things. You should also be considerate of the cold, heat, hunger, and nightlife.”

Source: The Selected Edition of the Japanese Language Dictionary About the Selected Edition of the Japanese Language Dictionary Information

Japanese:

〘名〙① 雅楽の楽曲構成上の三区分。洋楽の楽章に相当する。「序」は最初の部分で、拍子にはまらないのが特徴。「破」は曲の中間の部分で、音楽は拍子にはまるがゆるやかな速度で奏される。「急」は最後の部分で、序や破にくらべると少し急テンポ。舞楽のときは、序は登場音楽で、破と急は舞の伴奏音楽となる。序破急の三つが完備している曲が理想のようにいわれるが実際には少ない。破は延拍子、急は早拍子で奏される。〔色葉字類抄（1177‐81）〕※楽家録（1690）一三「夫楽者、以_二序破急三曲_一為_レ具也」② 芸能における速度の三区分。「序」はゆっくり、「破」は遅くもなく早くもなく、「急」は早く。浄瑠璃、講談などの話のテンポや、声音の緩急などにもいう。※ささめごと（1463‐64頃）下「此二にたどり侍ば、万道の序破急、諸経・諸論の序正流通・因縁・譬喩の所にまどひ侍べしとなり」※歌謡・松の葉（1703）五・哥音声「まづ三味線の調子を大切に合はせての上、うたひはじむる事肝要にして、序破急(ジョハキウ)のくらゐ、浮き沈み」③ 能や浄瑠璃などで、脚本構成上の三区分。速度と一致する、しないにかかわらず、「序」は導入部、「破」は展開部、「急」は結末部。※描写論（1911）〈田山花袋〉四「昔の作家は落ちを考へた。序破急などといふことも考へた」④ 演出上の三区分。「序」はすらすらと平明に、「破」は技巧をつくし変化にとませ、「急」は短く躍動的に演ずる。能では開始から終結までの進行の原理として、一日の番組から、一曲の能、所作の一挙手一投足に至るまでこの原理が適用されるべきだとする。※風姿花伝（1400‐02頃）三「能に、序破急(ジョハキフ)をば、何とか定(さだむ)べきや」⑤ 連歌・連句で、一巻の進行の三区分。最初は穏やかに無事に、次に波瀾曲折を尽くし興味があるように、終わりはさらさらと軽く付けて運ぶべきだとするもの。※筑波問答（1357‐72頃）「楽にも序破急のあるにや。連歌も一会紙は序、二会紙は破、三・四の会紙は急にてあるべし」⑥ すべて物事の、はじめ・なか・おわり。物事の展開のさまをたとえていう語。※仮名草子・悔草（1647）中「善悪を正して、物事に序破急(ジョハキウ)をはかり、寒さあつさ、飢夜づめを思ひやり、つかふべし」

出典　精選版日本国語大辞典精選版日本国語大辞典について　情報

<<: Chopin - Fryderyk Franciszek (Frédéric François) Chopin

>>: Book lung - Shohai (English spelling) book-lung