Proof - proof

Japanese: 証明 - しょうめい(英語表記)proof
Proof - proof
In mathematics, a proof involves stating several propositions, and then, taking these propositions as premises, successively applying the rules of syllogism to these propositions or to the conclusions derived from them, in order to derive a new series of true conclusions. The propositions in this case essentially state fundamental relationships between several basic, undefined objects, and are directly recognizable as true; they are called axioms. A new conclusion arrived at through inference is called a theorem. Such proofs are sometimes called direct proofs. In contrast, indirect proofs involve negating a conclusion, leading to a contradiction, and thus to the truth of a given proposition. (→ Proof by contradiction)

Proof
Beweis

Generally, it means making clear that a particular matter or proposition is inaccurate. In litigation, it refers to the efforts (presentation of evidence) of the parties to give the judge a factual judgment that is so certain that it leaves no reasonable doubt as to whether the facts in dispute exist or not, or the judge's state of being certain based on this. As opposed to efforts (presentation of evidence) that give a lower level of factual judgment that is somewhat likely, or prima facie evidence that gives the judge a tentative impression based on this. A judge can only determine the existence or non-existence of a fact in dispute once he or she has gained this kind of certainty (an impression that has reached a high degree of certainty), but in criminal proceedings in particular, a guilty verdict cannot be given for the facts of the indictment unless there is a high degree of certainty.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
数学でいう証明とは,いくつかの命題を定め,これらの命題を前提にして三段論法的規則を,これらの命題あるいはそこから得られた結論に,次々と適用することによって新しい真である結論の系列を導くことである。この場合の命題は,本質的にはいくつかの基本的,無定義的対象の間にある基本的関係を言明し,真であることが直接認識できるのであって,公理と呼ばれている。また,推論によって新しく得られた結論は,定理といわれる。以上の証明を直接証明 direct proofということがある。これに対して間接証明 indirect proofとは結論を否定して矛盾を導き,与えられた命題の真理性を導くことである。 (→背理法 )

証明
しょうめい
Beweis

一般には特定の事柄,命題が間違いないことを明らかにすることをいう。訴訟上は,裁判官に対し係争事実の存否について,合理的な疑いをはさませない程度に確信のある事実判断を生じさせる当事者の努力 (挙証) またはこれに基づき裁判官が確信を得た状態をいう。それよりも低く一応確からしいという程度の事実判断を生じさせる努力,または裁判官がそれに基づき一応の心証を得る疎明に対する。裁判官はこのような確信 (高度の確実性に達した心証) を得て初めて係争事実の存否を判断するが,特に刑事訴訟では公訴犯罪事実については高度の確信がなければ有罪の判決をすることができない。

出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報

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