Barth, Karl

Japanese: バルト(英語表記)Barth, Karl
Barth, Karl
Born: May 10, 1886 in Basel
Died: December 10, 1968, Basel Swiss Protestant theologian. After studying at the universities of Bern, Berlin, Tübingen, and Marburg, he became a pastor in Safenwil, Aargau, Switzerland (1911). His book Der Römerbrief (1919), which he wrote out of the struggles of his preaching career, shocked Europe after the First World War and became the starting point of a new theological movement, dialectical theology, and had a widespread influence. He began teaching at the universities of Göttingen (1921), Münster (1925), and Bonn (1930), and was initially influenced by Swiss religious socialism and Kierkegaard's existentialism. However, in his unfinished work Die kirchliche Dogmatik (Doctrine of the Church), which began to be published in 1932 based on his study of Anselm, Fides quaerens intellectum (Faith for Intelligence), totaling 13 books and 4 volumes totaling 9,200 pages, Barth's theology is fully expressed in its uniqueness. In a word, it can be said that Barth focused everything on Christology, and then went beyond the earlier negative words to speak words of affirmation. After being expelled from the University of Bonn for attaching a reservation to the oath of allegiance to Hitler, he moved to the University of Basel (1935), where he supported the Confessing Church, which resisted Hitler and waged a church struggle, and after World War II, through his travels in Hungary, he began to speak out about the possibility of the church existing under a socialist system, which sparked much debate. Barth, who engaged in fierce debates with liberal theologians and his allies the dialectical theologians (Gogarten, Brunner, Bultmann), was also an ardent lover of Mozart, and wrote Mozart (1956) to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the composer's birth.

Baltic
Barthes, Roland

Born: November 12, 1915, Cherbourg
[Died] March 26, 1980. Paris. French critic. Studied classical literature at the University of Paris, and lectured at universities in Bucharest and Alexandria from 1948 to 1950. After working for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, he joined the French National Center for Scientific Research in 1953, where he studied lexicology and semiotics. In 1960, he became a professor at the École Pratique, and in 1976, he became a professor at the Collège de France. As a representative of the Nouvelle Critique (New Criticism), he often stirred up controversy with his bold arguments that utilized the findings of sociology, psychoanalysis, and linguistics. His major works include "Degree Zero Writing" (1953), "Michelet par lui-même" (54), "Mythologies" (57), "Sur Racine" (63), "Introduction to Semiotics" (64), "Critique et vérité" (66), "System of Fashion" (67), etc. He died from injuries sustained in a traffic accident. (→ Writing)

Baltic
Barth, Paul

Born: August 1, 1858, Barth, Silesia
German philosopher, pedagogue, and sociologist. Professor at the University of Leipzig in 1897, and professor emeritus at the same university in 1918. He introduced sociology into pedagogy, seeing society as a spiritual organism and education as the "reproductive function" of that organic society. His major works include Die Geschichte der Erziehung, in soziologischer und geistesgeschichtlicher Beleuchtung (1911) (The History of Education through a Social and Spiritual Historical Interpretation) and Die Notwendigkeit eines systematischen Moralunterrichts (19).

Baltic
Barth, Heinrich

Born: February 16, 1821 in Hamburg
Died November 25, 1865, Berlin German geographer, linguist, and African explorer. Studied classics at the University of Berlin. Travelled along the Mediterranean coast from 1845 to 1847. In 1849 he lectured at the University of Berlin and participated in an expedition to western Sudan. In 1850 he crossed the Sahara. He subsequently explored the countries south and southeast of Lake Chad, discovering the upper reaches of the Ben Wa River in Yola. In 1855 he arrived in London. In 1863 he became professor of geography at the University of Berlin, succeeding K. Ritter. His works include Reisen und Entdeckungen in Nord-und Zentralafrika (Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa) (5 volumes, 1857-58).

Baltic
Barth, Heinrich

Born: February 3, 1890 in Bern
Died May 22, 1965. Swiss philosopher from Basel. Younger brother of K. Barth. Influenced by the neo-Kantian Marburg School and dialectical theology, he took the position of Christian existential philosophy. His main works are Die Freiheit der Entscheidung im Denken Augustins (1935) (Freedom of Decision in Augustinian Philosophy), Philosophie der Erscheinung (Philosophie of Manifestation) (2 volumes, 47), and Erkenntnis der Existenz (Knowledge of Being) (66).

Baltic
Barth, Hans

Born: February 25, 1904, Winterthur
[Died] March 12, 1965, Zurich. Swiss political philosopher. Professor at the University of Zurich in 1946. Known for his research on the history of political ideas. His major works include Wahrheit und Ideologie (1945) (Truth and Ideology), Pestalozzis Philosophie der Politik (54) (Pestalozzi's Political Philosophy), and Masse und Mythos (59) (Pestalozzi's Political Philosophy).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1886.5.10. バーゼル
[没]1968.12.10. バーゼル
スイスのプロテスタント神学者。ベルン,ベルリン,テュービンゲン,マールブルクの諸大学で学んだのち,スイスのアールガウ州ザーフェンビルで牧師となり (1911) ,説教者としての苦鬪のなかから著した『ローマ書』 Der Römerbrief (1919) は第1次世界大戦後のヨーロッパに衝撃を与え,新しい神学運動,弁証法神学の出発点となり広範な影響を与えた。ゲッティンゲン (1921) ,ミュンスター (1925) ,ボン (1930) の諸大学で教鞭をとるようになり,当初は,スイスの宗教社会主義や,キルケゴールの実存主義の影響を受けていた彼も,そのアンセルムス研究『知性を求める信仰』 Fides quaerens intellectum (1931) をふまえて 1932年より刊行され始めた『教会教義学』 Die kirchliche Dogmatik全4巻 13冊,9200ページの未完の大著では,バルト神学といわれる独自性をいかんなく示している。それは一言でいえば,キリスト論的に一切を集中しつつ,そこから初期の否定の言葉を越えて肯定の言葉を語ることだといえよう。ヒトラーへの忠誠誓約に留保条件をつけたためボン大学を追われ,バーゼル大学 (1935) に移ってからも,ヒトラーに抵抗して教会鬪争を展開した告白教会を支援し,第2次世界大戦後は,そのハンガリー旅行をとおして,社会主義体制下にも教会は存在しうることを語るようになり,多くの論義を引き起こした。自由主義神学者や盟友であった弁証法神学者 (ゴーガルテン,ブルンナー,ブルトマン) たちとの激しい論争を重ねてきたバルトは,他面モーツァルトのこのうえもない愛好者として,その生誕 200年記念に『モーツァルト』 Mozart (1956) を著している。

バルト
Barthes, Roland

[生]1915.11.12. シェルブール
[没]1980.3.26. パリ
フランスの批評家。パリ大学で古典文学を学び,1948~50年ブカレストとアレクサンドリアの大学講師。外務省勤務を経て,53年フランス国立科学センターに所属,語彙学と記号論を研究。 60年エコール・プラティク教授。 76年コレージュ・ド・フランス教授。ヌーベル・クリチック (新批評) の代表的存在として社会学,精神分析,言語学の成果を活用した大胆な立論に拠り,しばしば論争を巻起した。主著『零度のエクリチュール』 Le Degré zéro de l'écriture (1953) ,『ミシュレ』 Michelet par lui-même (54) ,『神話作用』 Mythologies (57) ,『ラシーヌ論』 Sur Racine (63) ,『記号論概論』 Éléments de sémiologie (64) ,『批評と真実』 Critique et vérité (66) ,『モードの体系』 Système de la mode (67) など。交通事故の傷がもとで死亡。 (→エクリチュール )  

バルト
Barth, Paul

[生]1858.8.1. シュレジエン,バールト
[没]1922.9.30. ライプチヒ
ドイツの哲学者,教育学者,社会学者。 1897年ライプチヒ大学教授,1918年同大学名誉教授。社会を精神的有機体,教育はその有機的社会の「繁殖作用」ととらえ,教育学に社会学を導入した。主著『社会的,精神史的解明による教育史』 Die Geschichte der Erziehung,in soziologischer und geistesgeschichtlicher Beleuchtung (1911) ,『系統的道徳教育の必要性』 Die Notwendigkeit eines systematischen Moralunterrichts (19) がある。

バルト
Barth, Heinrich

[生]1821.2.16. ハンブルク
[没]1865.11.25. ベルリン
ドイツの地理学者,言語学者,アフリカ探検家。ベルリン大学で古典を学ぶ。 1845~47年地中海沿岸を旅行。 49年ベルリン大学で講義し,スーダン西部の探検に参加。 50年サハラを横断。以後,チャド湖南部と南東部の諸国を探検し,ヨラでベンワ川の上流部を発見。 55年ロンドンに到着。 63年,K.リッターの後任としてベルリン大学地理学教授。著書『北部・中部アフリカの紀行と発見』 Reisen und Entdeckungen in Nord-und Zentralafrika (5巻,1857~58) 。

バルト
Barth, Heinrich

[生]1890.2.3. ベルン
[没]1965.5.22. バーゼル
スイスの哲学者。 K.バルトの弟。新カント派のマールブルク学派と弁証法神学の影響を受け,キリスト教的実存哲学の立場に立った。主著『アウグスチヌス哲学における決断の自由』 Die Freiheit der Entscheidung im Denken Augustins (1935) ,『顕現の哲学』 Philosophie der Erscheinung (2巻,47) ,『実存の認識』 Erkenntnis der Existenz (66) 。

バルト
Barth, Hans

[生]1904.2.25. ウィンテルトゥア
[没]1965.3.12. チューリヒ
スイスの政治哲学者。 1946年チューリヒ大学教授。政治の理念史の研究で知られる。主著『真理とイデオロギー』 Wahrheit und Ideologie (1945) ,『ペスタロッチの政治哲学』 Pestalozzis Philosophie der Politik (54) ,『大衆と神話』 Masse und Mythos (59) 。

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