Common sense - jōshiki (English spelling)

Japanese: 常識 - じょうしき(英語表記)common sense
Common sense - jōshiki (English spelling)

It is the opinion or judgment that is commonly accepted as a matter of course by ordinary people at a certain time in a certain society without any particular reflection, and is formed naturally from the history of that society. Therefore, when we talk about common sense, it is often used in opposition to academic knowledge, which is a judgment that is based on a certain position or methodology and is made with awareness of it.

The original meaning of the word "common sense" is a feeling that all normal people have in common, which is somewhat different from the usual meaning that is limited to a certain society at a certain time, as mentioned above. One philosopher who focused on common sense and thought in a way that was particularly close to this original meaning was the 18th century British philosopher Thomas Reid, who opposed Berkeley's subjective idealism and Hume's skepticism. Reid believed that there were certain fundamental principles ("principles of common sense") that any person with normal understanding would recognize as self-evident based on his or her own human nature, and he attempted to find these principles as the foundation of the sciences.

The group led by Reid, J. Beatty, and J. O. Oswald was known as the Common Sense School, and influenced the Enlightenment in Germany and France. The 19th century American philosopher Peirce also adopted and developed the idea that common sense is a kind of instinct that everyone has.

[Yoshio Shimizu]

[References] | Common Sense Philosophy

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ある社会のある時期において、一般の人々がとくに反省することなく当然のこととして共通に認めている意見や判断のことであり、その社会の歴史のなかから自然に形成される。したがって常識というとき、なんらかの立場や方法論を前提し、しかもそれを自覚して成立する判断であるところの学問的な知識と、しばしば対立させて使われる。

 ところで常識という語の原義は、通常の人間ならだれでもが共通にもっている感覚のことであり、この点、前述したある社会のある時期という限定を伴う普通の意味と多少異なっている。そしてとくにこの原義に近い考え方で常識に注目している哲学者としては、バークリーの主観的観念論やヒュームの懐疑論に反対した18世紀イギリスのトマス・リードがいる。すなわちリードは、通常の理解力のある人間ならだれでも、その人間の本性に基づいて当然自明なものとして認めるいくつかの根本原理(「常識の原理」)があると考え、諸科学の基礎としてこれらの原理をみいだそうとした。

 なお、リードを中心としたJ・ビーティ、J・O・オズワルドらの一派は常識学派とよばれ、ドイツ、フランスの啓蒙(けいもう)哲学に影響を与えた。また19世紀アメリカの哲学者パースによっても、常識をだれでもがもつ一種の本能のようなものと考える考え方が採用され、展開されている。

[清水義夫]

[参照項目] | 常識哲学

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