An instrument for precisely measuring low pressures close to absolute vacuum. In a broader sense, it is often used to refer to all pressure gauges that measure pressures lower than atmospheric pressure. The degree of vacuum is called the degree of vacuum, and is expressed as an absolute pressure value. The unit of the International System of Units (SI) is pascal (Pa), but Torr or millimeters of mercury (mmHg) are sometimes used out of custom, with the relationship to pascal being 1 torr (1 millimeter of mercury) = 133.322 pascal. Vacuum gauges are classified into many types according to the measurement principle, and are used according to the purpose of the measurement and the range of vacuum. In the low vacuum range where the pressure is relatively high, general pressure gauges based on mechanical principles that have been modified for vacuum measurement are often used. The most representative of these is the McLeod vacuum gauge, a mercury column pressure gauge equipped with a mechanism for compressing gas to expand pressure, which is also used as a standard for calibrating other vacuum gauges, since the absolute value of the vacuum pressure can be obtained if the compression ratio is determined in advance. The practical measurement range is usually 1 to 10 -4 Pascals. In the region of vacuums higher than 10 -4 pascals (i.e. low pressures), ionization vacuum gauges, which ionize gas molecules in a vacuum with an electron beam or radiation and measure the density by the ion current, are effective, highly accurate, and have a wide range of applications. The detector of the typical type of hot cathode ionization vacuum gauge is a tube equipped with a filament that emits electrons, a grid (positive potential) that accelerates the electrons, and an ion collector (negative potential) to measure the ion current. The relationship between the ion current, which is the direct output of this gauge, and the vacuum pressure varies greatly depending on the strength of the electric field in the tube, the shape of the electrodes, the type of gas molecules, etc., so it is necessary to calibrate the scale using another vacuum gauge that can measure absolute pressure. The measurement range of a normal ionization vacuum gauge is about 10 -1 to 10 -6 pascals, but if a BA gauge (Ba gauge, Bayard-Albert vacuum gauge), which has been improved for ultra-high vacuum measurement, is used, it can measure up to 10 -8 pascals. For the purpose of continuously measuring vacuum from normal pressure to about 10 -4 Pascal with simple operation, gauges that utilize the thermal conduction of gas (such as Pirani vacuum gauge) and gauges that utilize discharge in gas (Phillips gauge or Penning gauge) are used. In addition to the above, there are other vacuum gauges that use the force due to the thermal motion of gas molecules (Knudsen vacuum gauge) and the viscosity of gas (Langmuir-Dushman vacuum gauge), but these are mainly used for research purposes. [Mitsui Kiyoto] [Reference] | | | | | |©Takashi Aoki Principle of Vacuum Gauge Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
絶対真空に近い低圧力を精密に測定するための計器。広義では、大気圧より低い圧力を測定する圧力計全体をよぶことも多い。真空の度合いを真空度といい、絶対圧力の値で表す。国際単位系(SI)の単位はパスカル(Pa)であるが、習慣的にトルTorrまたは水銀柱ミリメートルmmHgを用いる場合もあり、パスカルとの関係は、1トル(1水銀柱ミリメートル)=133.322パスカルである。 真空計は測定原理によって多くの種類に分類され、測定の目的や真空度の範囲に応じて使い分けられる。圧力が比較的高い低真空領域では、力学的原理による一般の圧力計を真空測定用に改造した型のものが多く用いられる。なかでも、気体を圧縮して圧力を拡大する機構を備えた水銀柱圧力計であるマクラウド真空計が代表的で、圧縮比をあらかじめ求めておけば真空圧力の絶対値が得られることから、ほかの真空計を校正するための標準としても用いられる。実用的な測定範囲は普通1~10-4パスカルである。 10-4パスカルより高真空(つまり低圧力)の領域では、真空中の気体分子を電子線や放射線によってイオン化し、その密度をイオン電流によって測定する電離真空計が効果的であり、精度が高く応用範囲が広い。代表的な器種である熱陰極型電離真空計の検出器は、電子を放出するフィラメント、電子を加速するグリッド(正電位)およびイオン電流を測定するためのイオンコレクター(負電位)を備えた管球である。この計器の直接の出力であるイオン電流と真空圧力との関係は、管球中の電場の強さ、電極の形状、気体分子の種類などによって大幅に異なるため、絶対圧力を測ることができる他の真空計を用いて目盛りを校正することが必要である。通常の電離真空計の測定範囲は10-1~10-6パスカル程度であるが、超高真空測定用に改良されたB-Aゲージ(ビーエーゲージ、ベアード・アルバート真空計)を用いれば10-8パスカルまで測定できる。 簡単な操作で常圧から10-4パスカル程度までの真空を連続測定する目的で、気体の熱伝導を利用するもの(ピラニ真空計など)、気体中の放電を利用するもの(フィリップスゲージまたはペニングゲージ)が用いられる。 以上のほかに真空計の原理として、気体分子の熱運動による力を利用する(クヌーセン真空計)、気体の粘性を利用する(ラングミュア‐ダッシュマン真空計)などがあるが、これらはおもに研究用である。 [三井清人] [参照項目] | | | | | |©青木 隆"> 真空計の原理 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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