Manor map - Shoen-ezu

A map created for the establishment of manors, disputes over land, inspections, etc., including Sakai Soron (disputes over land), etc. Strictly speaking, it refers to maps with color, but generally, it also includes maps in ink only as an attached map. In the Nara period, the central aristocrats, temples and shrines promoted the development of reclaimed land in line with the Ritsuryo state's policy to encourage land reclamation, and the maps of reclaimed land (kaiden maps) created at that time are considered to be the forerunners. In the Heian period, as manors acquired the privilege of not entering or leaving the land, Shishiboji Maps (Rikken Ezu) appeared to indicate the territories they controlled. In the Kamakura period, disputes over boundaries between manors or between manors and Kokuga territories frequently occurred, and disputes also constantly arose between manor lords and jito (land stewards), and as a result, Sakai Soron Maps and Shitajichubun Maps were created. Some of these maps, called survey maps or land registers, were created when surveys were conducted to ensure smooth collection of manors. After the Nanboku-cho and Muromachi periods, as manors were dissolved and replaced by villages, illustrated village maps depicting the interiors of villages began to appear. From the latter half of the Kamakura period, maps depicting the various facilities for managing manors, such as irrigation water, began to be created, but as villages developed, many drawings related to the right to use irrigation water began to appear, and these are also called irrigation maps. Manor maps are not only useful for restoring the landscape of manorial villages, but also have the characteristics of political and economic maps, and therefore contain clues to solving many problems, such as the nature of manor control, technology, and the lives and beliefs of manors.

[Kunio Higuchi]

"Manor Research Group, ed., 'Basic Research on Manor Maps' (1973, Sanichi Shobo)" ▽ "Takeuchi Rizo, ed., 'Manor Map Research' (1982, Tokyodo Publishing)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

荘園の立荘、堺相論(さかいそうろん)をはじめ所領に関する係争、実検などに際して作成された地図。厳密には彩色を有するものをいうが、一般には墨書のみの場合も付属図として含む。奈良時代、律令(りつりょう)国家の開墾奨励策に伴い、中央貴族・寺社による墾田開発が進められたが、その際に作成された墾田図（開田図）をもって先駆とする。平安時代、荘園が不輸不入の特権を獲得していくに伴い、その支配領域の表示として四至牓示(しいしぼうじ)図（立券絵図）が出現した。鎌倉時代になると、荘園間あるいは荘園・国衙(こくが)領間での境界をめぐる係争が頻発し、さらには荘園領主・地頭(じとう)間の相論も絶えず発生したが、その結果作成されたのが堺相論図、下地中分(したじちゅうぶん)図である。また、実検図・土帳(どちょう)とよばれ、荘園の収取の円滑さを図るため実検が行われた際に作成されたものもある。南北朝・室町時代以後、荘園が解体し郷村(ごうそん)へと推移していくなかで、郷村内部の様相を描いた郷村絵図が登場してくる。また、鎌倉時代後半から、用水など荘園経営のための諸施設を描いた差図(さしず)が作成されるようになったが、郷村の展開とともに灌漑(かんがい)用水の利用権に関する絵図が多くみられるようになり、灌漑図ともよばれる。荘園絵図は、荘園村落の景観復原に有効であるばかりでなく、政治図、経済図としての性格を有していることから、荘園支配のあり方をはじめ、技術、荘民の生活や信仰などの多くの問題解明の手掛りを含むものである。

［樋口州男］

『荘園研究会編『荘園絵図の基礎的研究』（1973・三一書房）』▽『竹内理三編『荘園絵図研究』（1982・東京堂出版）』

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