A spring-planted bulbous plant of the Asteraceae family. Its Japanese name is Tenjikubotan (Tenjiku Peony), which was brought over from Tenjiku (India). It is native to the mountains of Mexico and South America. It has a large tuberous root underground, and there are no buds at the enlarged part, but new shoots emerge from the base where the tuberous root is attached to the stem. The stem is thick and hollow, reaching a height of 0.3 to 1.5 meters, with leaves growing opposite each node. The leaves are pinnately lobed, dark green on the upper side and slightly whitish on the lower side. From summer to autumn, flower heads measuring 3 to 30 centimeters in diameter bloom at the ends of the branches. It is used as cut flowers and for flower beds, and there are many varieties, from tall to dwarf species. [Yoshitsugu Chitose] Flower shape and varietyCurrent horticultural species are genetically complex and have a wide variety of flower shapes and colors. The size of the flowers ranges from small to large, but they are roughly classified into the following 11 types based on flower shape. (1) Decorative: Double flowers with regularly-spaced ray petals that are generally broad and have blunt, pointed petals. Cultivars include Haibara no Sato (purple-pink) and Shukuhai (red with white petal tips). Flower diameter is 6-10 cm. (2) Cactus flower: Double flowers with most of the edges of the ray flowers rolling outwards and the petals are thin. Varieties include Kisaragi (yellow) and Crystal (white). Flower diameter is 7 to 10 centimeters. (3) Anemone: The outer ray florets surround the central tubular florets to form a clove shape. Varieties include Comet (red with yellow petal tips) and Asahi Clove (white with scarlet red border). The flower diameter is 5 to 7 centimeters. (4) Collarette flower: Each ray flower has 1-3 callas. Cultivars include Egao (pink) and Yuki no Mado (white). Flower diameter is 6-8 cm. (5) Frilled flowers: The petals split to form cleft petals, and the flowers bloom in clusters. Varieties include Mureta (bright red) and Phenomenon (pink-pink). The flower diameter is 5 to 7 centimeters. (6) Pompon flower: The ray flowers are short and tubular, almost spherical. Varieties include Kogyoku (deep red) and Kogyoku (yellow). The flower diameter is 3 to 5 centimeters. (7) Show Bloom: Medium to large pompom blooms. Varieties include Charlotte (orange) and Kozakura (pink). Flower diameter is 5 to 6 centimeters. (8) Single-flowered: These have broad, smooth ray flowers that do not overlap and have separate petal tips, or have two or three rows of ray flowers with a central tubular flower only. The flower diameter is 5 to 7 centimeters. (9) Giant-flowered: These are giant flowers with a diameter of 15 to 30 centimeters, and the petals are decorative or cactus-shaped. The varieties include Ginban (white) and Okan (pure yellow). There are also (10) Peony-flowered and (11) Orchid-flowered varieties, but there are only a few. [Yoshitsugu Chitose] CultivationNew shoots emerge from the place where the tuberous root is attached to the stem, so be sure to divide the parent stem and check that there are buds before dividing the plant. When purchasing at a gardening store, be sure to get one that definitely has buds. Place these in a frame from late March to mid-April, and once the frost has subsided, plant the ones that have begun to sprout in a flower bed or field. Plant one bulb at a time, 80 cm apart for large-flowered varieties, 60 cm apart for medium-flowered varieties, and 50 cm apart for small-flowered varieties. As the plants will flower for a long period of time, apply a generous amount of a well-mixed base fertilizer such as oil cake, dried cow manure, leaf mold, organic chemical fertilizer, and wood ash to prevent them from running out of fertilizer. When the stems grow to about 15 cm, set up a support to prevent them from falling over. The first flowers bloom in early to mid-June, after which side shoots grow and the second flowers bloom. In late July, the high temperatures will cause the flowers to stop blooming temporarily, but if you cut back the branches and apply additional fertilizer around the plant, it will bloom again from mid-September to late autumn. When the stems and leaves begin to wither from frost, dig up the tuberous roots and store them in a warm place. In recent years, there are also seed-grown varieties, which are sown in frames in March or April and planted in flower beds in late May. [Yoshitsugu Chitose] Cultural historyIt is said that the Aztecs cultivated dahlias before the Spanish arrived, but the first accurate description was in the New Spanish Flora and Mineralogy (1651) compiled by Spanish naturalist Francisco Hernandez (1515-78) during his research in Mexico and published posthumously. In Europe, the plant was introduced in 1789 by Spanish botanist Vicente Cervantes (1759?-1829) who sent seeds to Antonio José Cavanilles (1745-1804) of the Royal Botanical Gardens in Madrid, who gave it the name dahlia in memory of Swedish botanist Andreas Dahl. In the early 19th century, cultivation and breeding of dahlias began in various European countries, and Napoleon's Empress Josephine was also enthusiastic about them at one point, becoming a hot topic in high society. By 1830, there were over 1,000 varieties, and by 1955, the number had reached 30,000. It was introduced to Japan around the Tenpo era (1830-1844), and was popular in some areas, such as the end of the Edo period, under the name of Tenjiku peony. [Hiroshi Yuasa] It has double flowers with regularly-spaced ray petals. The petals are blunt and pointed. ©Shogakukan "> Dahlia (decorative) The ray flowers are tubular and larger than the pompon flowers. ©Shogakukan "> Dahlia (Show Bloom) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
キク科の春植え球根草。天竺(てんじく)(インド)から伝えられたボタンの意味から、和名をテンジクボタン(天竺牡丹)という。メキシコおよび南アメリカの山地の原産。地下に大きい塊根があり、肥大部には芽はなく、塊根が茎に付着している基部から新芽を出す。茎は太く空洞で高さ0.3~1.5メートルとなり、各節から葉が対生する。葉は羽状に裂け、表面は濃緑色で裏面はやや白みを帯びる。夏から秋、分枝の先に径3~30センチメートルの頭花を開く。切り花用、花壇用とし、多くの品種があり、高性種から矮性(わいせい)種まである。 [吉次千敏] 花形と品種現在の園芸種は遺伝的に複雑で、花形、花色が豊富である。また花の大きさは小輪から巨大輪まであるが、花形によって、大まかに次の11系統に分類されている。 (1)デコラティブ咲き 八重咲きで舌状花は規則正しく配列して一般に広く、弁先は鈍くとがる。品種は榛原(はいばら)の里(紫紅色)、祝盃(しゅくはい)(赤色で弁先が白色)など。花径6~10センチメートル。 (2)カクタス咲き 八重咲きで舌状花の大部分の縁(へり)は外巻きになり、弁先は細い。品種は如月(黄色)、結晶(白色)など。花径7~10センチメートル。 (3)アネモネ咲き 外側の舌状花が中央の管状花を取り囲み丁字型となる。品種はコメット(紅色に弁先は黄色)、朝日丁字(白色に緋(ひ)赤色の覆輪)など。花径5~7センチメートル。 (4)コラレット咲き 舌状花のおのおのに1~3枚のカラがある。品種は笑顔(桃色)、雪の窓(白色)など。花径6~8センチメートル。 (5)フリル咲き 弁先が割れて裂弁となり、房状に咲く。品種はムレタ(輝赤色)、フェノメノン(桃紅色)など。花径5~7センチメートル。 (6)ポンポン咲き 舌状花が管状で短く、ほとんど球状となる。品種は紅玉(濃紅色)、黄玉(黄色)など。花径3~5センチメートル。 (7)ショー咲き ポンポン咲きの中・大輪のもの。品種はシャーロット(橙(だいだい)色)、小桜(桃色)など。花径5~6センチメートル。 (8)シングル咲き 広く平滑な舌状花で、重なり合わず、弁先が離れるものや、2~3列の舌状花をもち中心部が管状花のみからなるものがある。花径5~7センチメートル。 (9)巨大輪咲き 花径15~30センチメートルの巨大輪で、花弁はデコラティブ型やカクタス型である。品種は銀盤(白色)、王冠(純黄色)など。 ほかに(10)ピオニー咲き、(11)オーキッド咲きなどがあるが、品種は少ない。 [吉次千敏] 栽培塊根が茎に付着する場所から新芽が出るので、かならず親茎を分割し、芽のあることを確認してから株分けをする。園芸店で購入する場合も確実に芽のあるものを入手する。これを3月下旬~4月中旬にフレーム内に伏せ込み、降霜がなくなってから、芽が出始めたものを花壇または畑に定植する。大輪種で80センチメートル、中輪種で60センチメートル、小輪種で50センチメートル間隔に1球ずつ植える。長期間花をつけるので、肥料切れしないように、元肥として油かす、乾燥牛糞(ぎゅうふん)、腐葉土、有機化成肥料、草木灰などをよく混ぜ十分施す。茎が約15センチメートルくらいに伸びたころ、支柱を立て倒伏を防ぐ。6月上・中旬に一番花が咲き、その後わき芽が伸びて二番花が咲く。7月下旬には高温のため一時花が咲かなくなるので、枝を切り戻し、株の周囲に追肥を施すと、ふたたび9月中旬から晩秋まで咲き続ける。霜で茎葉が枯れ始めたら塊根を掘り上げ暖かい場所に貯蔵する。近年は実生(みしょう)の品種もあり、3~4月にフレーム内に播種(はしゅ)し、5月下旬に花壇に植える。 [吉次千敏] 文化史アステカ人がスペイン人の到達以前から栽培していたといわれるが、最初の正確な記述は、スペインの博物学者フランシスコ・エルナンデスFrancisco Hernandez(1515―78)がメキシコ調査中にまとめ、死後出版された『新スペイン動植鉱物誌』(1651)である。ヨーロッパには1789年、スペインの植物学者ビセンテ・セルバンテスVicente Cervantes(1759?―1829)が、マドリードの宮廷植物園のホセ・カバニレスAntonio José Cavanilles(1745―1804)に種子を送り、カバニレスによってスウェーデンの植物学者アンドレアス・ダールAndreas Dahlを記念して、ダリアの名が与えられた。19世紀の初頭にダリアの栽培と品種改良がヨーロッパ各国で相次いで始まり、ナポレオンの皇后ジョゼフィーヌも一時は熱中し、社交界の話題となった。1830年には品種が1000を超え、1955年には3万を数えるに至った。日本には天保(てんぽう)年間(1830~44)ごろに渡来し、天竺牡丹(てんじくぼたん)の名で、幕末、江戸など一部でもてはやされた。 [湯浅浩史] 八重咲きで舌状花は規則正しく配列。弁先は鈍くとがる©Shogakukan"> ダリア(デコラティブ咲き) 舌状花が管状で、ポンポン咲きよりも大きい©Shogakukan"> ダリア(ショー咲き) 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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