Ganglioside - Gangurioshido (English spelling) ganglioside

Japanese: ガングリオシド - がんぐりおしど(英語表記)ganglioside
Ganglioside - Gangurioshido (English spelling) ganglioside

A type of glycolipid (a general term for a substance in which lipids and sugars are covalently bonded). Because it contains sialic acid (described below), it is also called sialoglycolipid, sialoglycolipid, or sialic acid-containing glycolipid. It is not present in plants or insects, but is found in echinoderms and higher animals. It is found in all organs and tissues, but is particularly abundant in the central nervous system. It is mainly found on the cell surface and is known to have many physiological activities. For example, it is involved in cell identification, formation of receptors for epidermal growth factor and nerve growth factor, and formation of receptors for toxins such as cholera, botulinum, and tetanus. It is also involved in carcinogenesis and aging.

It was first discovered in the brain, so it was named after the English word for ganglion, ganglion. Later, biochemist Tamio Yamakawa (1921-2018) and his colleagues isolated a type of sphingoglycolipid (described below) containing sialic acid from horse red blood cells and named it hematoside (1951), becoming the first to demonstrate the presence of glycolipids and sialic acid in the cell membranes of non-neuronal animals.

Glycolipids are
(1) Glycerol (also called glycerin, a compound with three hydroxyl groups -OH attached to a carbon chain with three carbon atoms) is the basic structure of glyceroglycolipids,
They are classified as sphingoglycolipids with a basic skeleton of (2) sphingoid (a general term for compounds with a structure in which an amino group -NH2 and a hydroxyl group -OH are attached to a carbon chain of 18 to 20 carbon atoms; those with 20 carbon atoms are called sphingosine). Gangliosides are a general term for (2) sphingoglycolipids that contain sialic acid. Sialic acid is a general term for derivatives of neuraminic acid (a type of amino sugar with 9 carbon atoms), a typical example being N -acetylneuraminic acid (a compound in which an acetyl group -COCH3 is attached to the nitrogen N of neuraminic acid). In other words, sphingoglycolipids are those in which a long-chain fatty acid is bound to the amino group of a sphingoid (called ceramide, a type of lipid) and a sugar chain containing sialic acid is bound to the hydroxyl group.

The sugar chain portion of gangliosides is generally a chain of glucose, galactose, and galactosamine (a type of amino sugar) bound to sialic acid, but there are many other molecular species depending on the type of sugar, the number of moles, and the binding site of sialic acid, with over 100 types including trace components. The biosynthetic pathway of general gangliosides has been almost completely elucidated, and cloning (isolating a specific gene; a method of genetic research) of complementary DNA (cDNA, a single-stranded DNA synthesized by reverse transcriptase using messenger RNA (mRNA) as a template) of enzymes involved in the synthesis of ganglioside sugar chains has also been carried out.

[Tokuhisa Sachiko]

"Ganglioside Research Methods 1 and 2" edited by Suzuki Yasuo and Ando Susumu (1995, Academic Press Center)""Brain Function and Gangliosides: A Newly Appearing Neuroactive Substance" by Ando Susumu (1997, Kyoritsu Shuppan)""Brain and Nerves: An Introduction to Molecular Neurobiology" edited by Kaneko Akimichi, Kawamura Mitsutake, and Uemura Keiichi (1999, Kyoritsu Shuppan)""The Chemistry of Complex Carbohydrates" edited by Ogura Haruo (2000, CMC)""The Story of Glycolipids" by Yamakawa Tamio (Kodansha Academic Library)

[References] | Amino group | Galactose | Echinoderms | Glycerol | Glucose | Clones | Sialic acid |Fatty acids | Glycolipids | Messenger RNA | Mole

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

糖脂質(脂質と糖が共有結合した物質の総称)の一種。シアル酸(後述)を含むので、シアロ糖脂質、シアログリコリピド、シアル酸含有糖脂質ともいう。植物や昆虫には存在せず、棘皮(きょくひ)動物以上の動物に存在する。どの臓器・組織にもあるが、とくに脳神経系に多量に存在する。おもに細胞表面にあり、多くの生理活性が知られている。たとえば、細胞の識別、上皮増殖因子や神経成長因子などの受容体の形成、コレラ・ボツリヌス・破傷風などの毒素の受容体の形成に関与している。また、がん化や老化に関与する。

 最初に脳から発見されたので神経節の英語、ガングリオンganglionから名づけられた。その後、生化学者である山川民夫(1921―2018)らはウマ赤血球からシアル酸を含む一種のスフィンゴ糖脂質(後述)を分離してヘマトシドと命名し(1951)、非神経系動物細胞膜における糖脂質とシアル酸の存在を初めて示した。

糖脂質は、
(1)グリセロール(グリセリンともいう。炭素数3の炭素鎖にヒドロキシ基-OHが3個ついた化合物)を基本骨格とするグリセロ糖脂質と、
(2)スフィンゴイド(炭素数18~20の炭素鎖にアミノ基-NH2とヒドロキシ基-OHがついた構造をもつ化合物の総称。炭素数20のものをスフィンゴシンという)を基本骨格とするスフィンゴ糖脂質
に分類される。ガングリオシドは(2)スフィンゴ糖脂質のうち、シアル酸を含むものの総称である。シアル酸とはノイラミン酸(炭素数9のアミノ糖の一種)の誘導体の総称で、代表的なものはN-アセチルノイラミン酸(ノイラミン酸の窒素Nにアセチル基-COCH3がついた化合物)である。すなわち、スフィンゴ糖脂質とはスフィンゴイドのアミノ基に長鎖脂肪酸が結合し(これをセラミドとよぶ。脂質の一種)、ヒドロキシ基にシアル酸を含む糖鎖が結合したものである。

 ガングリオシドの糖鎖部分は一般にグルコース、ガラクトース、ガラクトサミン(アミノ糖の一種)の鎖にシアル酸が結合したものであるが、糖の種類、モル数、シアル酸の結合部位により多くの分子種があり、微量成分も含めると100種を超える。一般的なガングリオシドの生合成経路はほぼ解明され、ガングリオシド糖鎖合成に関与する酵素の相補的DNA(cDNA=complementary DNA。メッセンジャーRNA=mRNAを鋳型として逆転写酵素によって合成した一本鎖DNAのこと)のクローニング(特定の遺伝子を単離すること。遺伝子研究の方法)も行われている。

[徳久幸子]

『鈴木康夫・安藤進編著『ガングリオシド研究法1、2』(1995・学会出版センター)』『安藤進著『脳機能とガングリオシド――新たに登場したニューロンの活性物質』(1997・共立出版)』『金子章道・川村光毅・植村慶一編『脳と神経――分子神経生物科学入門』(1999・共立出版)』『小倉治夫監修『複合糖質の化学』(2000・シーエムシー)』『山川民夫著『糖脂質物語』(講談社学術文庫)』

[参照項目] | アミノ基 | ガラクトース | 棘皮動物 | グリセロール | グルコース | クローン | シアル酸 | 脂肪酸 | 糖脂質 | メッセンジャーRNA | モル

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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