Granger Movement

Japanese: グレンジャー運動 - グレンジャーうんどう（英語表記）Granger Movement

A farmer movement that arose in the American Midwest in the 1870s. Shortly after the Civil War, agricultural prices continued to fall as a result of overproduction, and farmers' lives were in danger of collapse. The Granger movement was organized to express the farmers' discontent. It began as an "agricultural protection" organization established by an official in the Department of Agriculture, commonly known as the Grange, and its members were called Grangers. This organization did not participate in political activities at first, but after the depression of 1873, it actively participated in political movements. The "Farmers' Declaration of Independence," published on Independence Day that year, called for (1) farmers' cooperation, (2) the elimination of middlemen, (3) opposition to monopolies, and (4) the establishment of an agricultural and technical college. The Grange began to appeal to state legislatures on issues most familiar to farmers, such as the regulation of railroad fares and warehouse storage fees, and tax reform, and by 1874 it had approximately 1.5 million members. At that time, the Midwestern states passed the Railroad Fare Regulation Act and the Railroad Commission, and in 1887 the Federal Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act, banning railroad fare discrimination and kickbacks. The Grange rapidly declined by 1880 due to the failure of the cooperative management. There was also a strong demand among farmers for the expansion of overseas markets to alleviate the overproduction problem, and this movement also played a major role in supporting America's overseas expansion.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

1870年代にアメリカ中西部を中心に起った農民運動。南北戦争後まもなく，農産物は過剰生産の結果，価格が下落の一途をたどり，農民の生活は破綻の危機にあった。この農民の不満を組織化したものがグレンジャー運動である。その初めは，農務省の一官吏が設立した「農業保護」組織が通称グレンジであり，この組織の会員がグレンジャーと呼ばれた。この団体は初めは政治活動に参加しなかったが，73年の恐慌後は積極的に政治運動に進出した。同年の独立記念日に発表された「農民の独立宣言」は，(1) 農民の協同，(2) 仲買人の排除，(3) 独占に対する反対，(4) 農業技術大学の設立をうたっている。グレンジは，農民に最も身近な問題であった鉄道会社の運賃や倉庫保管料の規制，税制改革などを州議会に訴えるようになり，74年には約 150万人の会員を擁した。当時中西部諸州が鉄道運賃規正法や鉄道委員会などを成立させ，87年には連邦議会が「州際通商法」を制定し鉄道の運賃差別，リベートなどを禁じるにいたったのは，この運動の影響によるものであった。グレンジは協同組合の経営に失敗したことが原因で 80年までに急速に衰えた。なお，農民の間には生産過剰の打開のために海外市場の拡大を求める声が強く，この運動はアメリカの海外膨張の一大支柱の役割をも果した。

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