Ammonium nitrate-fuel oil explosive

Japanese: 硝安油剤爆薬 - しょうあんゆざいばくやく(英語表記)ammonium nitrate-fuel oil explosive
Ammonium nitrate-fuel oil explosive

An explosive made by impregnating 94% porous granular ammonium nitrate, known as prilled ammonium nitrate, with an oil with a flash point of 50°C or higher. It is also called an amphoteric explosive. Colored diesel is used as the oil. In Japan, consumption of ammonium nitrate oil-based explosives began in 1964. Due to the low cost of the raw materials, the simple manufacturing process, and the relative safety of the intermediate and final products, the applications and usage expanded rapidly. Since then, production has stabilized, and in 2010, the production volume of ammonium nitrate oil-based explosives in Japan was about 26,000 tons, about 76% of the total industrial explosives production.

The features of ammonium nitrate oil explosives are their low cost and safety. To guarantee safety, it is prohibited to use other explosives or metal powders that act as sensitizers as ingredients. It is also required that they cannot be detonated with a single No. 6 detonator, and a test method for this has been established. Due to this safety consideration, unlike other explosives, ammonium nitrate oil explosives are permitted to be packaged in heavy bags (similar to cement bags).

The use of a loader is permitted for loading ammonium nitrate oil explosives into blast holes. However, static electricity is easily generated when loading explosives using a loader. There have been known accidents in which electric detonators have exploded due to static electricity. For this reason, static-resistant detonators were developed, and all electric detonators currently manufactured are static-resistant detonators.

Its detonation speed is slower than that of dynamite or water-containing explosives, at about 3,000 meters per second. Therefore, it is not suitable for blasting hard rocks, but since it produces a large amount of gas, it is suitable for blasting and quarrying soft rocks such as limestone. Since there is a risk that the detonation (explosion accompanied by shock waves) will be interrupted with a small diameter powder charge, a large diameter blast hole of 70 millimeters or more is used. If the powder density is too high, it will exhibit the phenomenon of dead pressure (the phenomenon in which it will not explode under pressure above a certain level) and will not propagate.

Ammonium nitrate explosives are hygroscopic, so they are not suitable for use in areas with spring water. Also, the gas released after blasting is harmful, so care must be taken when using them in poorly ventilated areas such as tunnels.

[Tadao Yoshida and Shingo Date]

[Reference] | Electric detonator | Explosion | Explosives | Blazing | Detonator

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

プリル硝安とよばれる多孔性粒状硝酸アンモニウム94%に、引火点50℃以上の油剤を含浸させた爆薬。アンホ爆薬などともよばれる。油剤としては着色した軽油が用いられている。日本では1964年(昭和39)から硝安油剤爆薬の消費が始まった。原料が安価であること、製造工程が簡単であること、中間製品および最終製品が比較的安全であることなどから、用途、使用量は急速に拡大した。その後生産量は安定し、2010年(平成22)における硝安油剤爆薬の日本での生産量は約2.6万トンで、全工業爆薬生産量の約76%である。

 硝安油剤爆薬の特長は低価額と安全性である。安全性を保証するために、他の火薬類や鋭感剤となる金属粉を成分とすることが禁じられている。また、6号雷管1本では起爆できないことが義務づけられ、その試験法が定められている。このような安全性を考慮して、硝安油剤爆薬は他の爆薬と異なり重袋(じゅうたい)包装(セメント袋と類似の包装)が許されている。

 硝安油剤爆薬は発破孔(はっぱこう)への装填(そうてん)に装填機(ローダー)の使用が許されている。しかし、装填機による装薬では、静電気が発生しやすい。静電気によって電気雷管が暴発した事故が知られている。そのために耐静電気雷管が開発され、現在製造されている電気雷管は、すべて耐静電気雷管である。

 ダイナマイトや含水爆薬に比べて爆速が小さく、毎秒約3000メートルである。したがって、硬い岩石を発破するのは不適であるが、ガスの発生量は多いので石灰石のような軟岩の発破採石に適している。細い薬径の装薬では爆轟(ばくごう)(衝撃波を伴う爆発)が中断するおそれがあるので、70ミリメートルあるいはそれ以上の大口径の発破孔が用いられている。装薬比重が高すぎると死圧の現象(ある程度以上の加圧下では爆発しなくなる現象)を呈し伝爆しなくなる。

 硝安油剤爆薬は吸湿性があるので、湧水(ゆうすい)のある所での使用には適さない。また、発破のあとガス(後ガス)は有害なので、トンネル内など換気の悪い所での使用には注意が必要である。

[吉田忠雄・伊達新吾]

[参照項目] | 電気雷管 | 爆発 | 爆薬 | 発破 | 雷管

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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