Cotyledon - Let's try

Japanese: 子葉 - しよう
Cotyledon - Let's try

The first leaves produced by the developing embryo in the ovule of gymnosperms and angiosperms. The fertilized egg first forms an undifferentiated tissue mass, from which the cotyledons differentiate. The apical meristem of the stem then forms at the base of the cotyledons, from which all the ordinary leaves that appear after the cotyledons are produced. Gymnosperms have two cotyledons in pairs or several in whorls, whereas angiosperms (dicotyledons) have two cotyledons in pairs and monocotyledons have one cotyledon. However, dicotyledons such as Setsubunsou, Dicentra, Cyclamen, and Celastrus orbiculatus have only one cotyledon, and are therefore called "pseudo-monocotyledons." Cotyledons that form pairs are particularly conspicuous, and have been known in Japan since ancient times as "two leaves."

When comparing the shape of cotyledons to common leaves, there are often several differences. For example, while common leaves have sawtooth, cotyledons often do not or do not have noticeable sawtooth, and cotyledons are rarely compound leaves. Also, even in cases where common leaves have unusual shapes such as thorns, such as in cacti, the shape of the cotyledons is not very different from that of other plants. Other characteristics of cotyledons include that they are often thicker than common leaves, and the cotyledons of monocotyledonous plants are often rod-shaped and not flat.

The functions of cotyledons are (1) to store some nutrients within them and supply them to the shoot apex and root tip, (2) to absorb nutrients from the seed's nutritional tissues, such as the endosperm, before and after germination, and (3) to carry out photosynthesis until the leaves develop. Some cotyledons perform all three of these functions, while others may lack one of them. Legume cotyledons are thickened and hemispherical, contain a large amount of nutrients, and do not protrude beyond the seed coat, while Gramineae cotyledons are specially called scutellums, which attach to the sides of the endosperm and function solely to absorb nutrients.

In addition, in the seedlings of the Liliaceae and Commelinaceae families, the cotyledons are curved and carry out photosynthesis, but their tips are inside the seed coat, where they absorb nutrients.

[Takashi Yamashita]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

裸子植物および被子植物の胚珠(はいしゅ)内で発達中の胚が最初につくる葉。受精卵は初めに未分化な組織塊を形成し、この組織塊からまず子葉が分化する。その後、子葉の基部に茎の頂端分裂組織ができ、子葉以後に出る普通葉はすべてここからつくられていく。子葉の数は、裸子植物では2個が対生するか、数個が輪生するが、被子植物である双子葉植物では2個が対生、単子葉植物では1個となる。ただし双子葉植物のセツブンソウ、コマクサ、シクラメン、ヤブレガサなどの子葉は例外的にただ1個であるため、「擬似単子葉」とよばれる。なお、2個が対生する子葉はとくに目だつため、日本では古来から「双葉(ふたば)」として親しまれている。

 子葉を形のうえから普通葉と比べると、いくつかの点で違っていることが多い。たとえば、普通葉に鋸歯(きょし)があっても子葉にはないか、目だたないものが多いし、子葉が複葉となることもほとんどない。また、サボテンのように普通葉が刺(とげ)状など特殊な形になる場合でも、子葉の形は他の植物のものとあまり違いがない。このほか、子葉の特徴としては普通葉よりも厚いことが多い、単子葉植物の子葉は多くは棒状で、扁平(へんぺい)ではないなどがあげられる。

 子葉の機能としては、(1)子葉の中には多少とも栄養が貯蔵されていて、これを茎頂や根端に供給すること、(2)発芽の前後に内胚乳などの種子の栄養組織から養分を吸収すること、(3)普通葉が展開するまでの間、光合成を行うこと、があげられる。子葉によってはこの三つの機能を果たす場合もあるし、いずれかが欠ける場合もある。マメ科の子葉は半球形に肥厚して多量の栄養をもっており、これが種皮の外に出ることはないし、イネ科の子葉は特別に胚盤とよばれており、内胚乳の側面に張り付いて、もっぱら栄養を吸収する働きを果たしている。

 また、ユリ科やツユクサ科の芽生えでは、子葉は屈曲しており、光合成を行うが、その先端部は種皮の中に入っていて、ここから栄養を吸収する。

[山下貴司]

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