A unit of volume in the shakkanho system. It is one-tenth of a to, ten times a go, and is equivalent to about 1.8039 liters. Its origin dates back to the Zhou dynasty in ancient China, but its size has increased tenfold in the last 2000 years. The current Japanese 1 sho was established in the early Edo period. It is 4.9 inches (4.8 cm) square, 2.7 inches (2.7 cm) deep, and 64,827 (64,827, also known as "mushiyafuna") cubic bu in carpenter's ruler. The word masu is a pictograph derived from a ladle with a handle, so its original size is unknown. If we calculate the 1 sho of that time from the surviving Chinese Han dynasty standard of weights and measures, it is about 1 go 1 shaku (100 cm) of today's equivalent. Since 1 to of that time is equivalent to 1 sho 1 go of today's equivalent, the phrase "there is no need to offer a to sake" is not an exaggeration. The reason why the units of volume have increased over time is that the masu was used as a tool for collecting taxes to increase revenue, and because it is a three-dimensional quantity it is difficult to judge visually. When Japan adopted the Tang Dynasty system with the Taiho Code (701), 1 masu was considered to be 4 or 6 go of today, but the Kyoto masu established by Toyotomi Hideyoshi was almost double, with 5 sun on each side and 2.5 sun deep. In the early Edo period, it was adopted to its current dimensions, and grain masu of 5 go or more had a string of iron attached along the diagonal of the rim. After it was unified into the metric system in 1959 (Showa 34), it could no longer be used in trade. [Koizumi Kesakatsu] [Reference item] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
尺貫法の体積の単位。斗(と)の10分の1、合の10倍で、約1.8039リットルにあたる。起源は古代中国の周代に始まるが、大きさは2000年の間に10倍にもなった。現在の日本の1升は江戸時代の初期に定まった。曲尺(かねじゃく)で四方が4寸9分、深さが2寸7分、体積が6万4827(六四八二七、いわゆる「むしやふな」)立方分である。升は柄(え)のついた柄杓(ひしゃく)からきた象形文字なので、起源の大きさはわからない。現存している中国漢代の度量衡の標準器「新嘉量(しんかりょう)」から当時の1升を求めると、いまの約1合1勺で、約10分の1に相当する。当時の1斗はいまの1升1合であるから、「斗酒なお辞せず」という句は誇張した表現ではない。このように体積の単位が時代によって増大する理由は、枡(ます)が徴税の道具として使われ増収を図るためと、三次元の量であるため視覚による判断が困難であることによる。日本が大宝律令(たいほうりつりょう)(701)で唐の制を採用したときの1升は、今日の4合あるいは6合とされているが、豊臣(とよとみ)秀吉が定めた京枡は四方が5寸、深さが2寸5分とほぼ2倍になっている。江戸時代初期には現在の寸法とされ、5合以上の穀用枡に口縁の対角線に沿って弦鉄(げんてつ)がつけられた。1959年(昭和34)のメートル法に統一されたあとは、取引上の使用はできないことになっている。 [小泉袈裟勝] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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