Reserve Deposit System

Japanese: 準備預金制度 - じゅんびよきんせいど
Reserve Deposit System

Based on the Law Concerning the Reserve Deposit System (Law No. 135 of 1957), this system forces commercial banks to deposit a certain percentage of their deposits (reserve ratio) with the Bank of Japan. It is considered a monetary policy tool that adjusts the amount of currency by manipulating the reserve ratio up or down and influencing the management of funds through loans by commercial banks, thereby loosening or tightening monetary policy. Commercial banks subject to the current reserve deposit system are banks (meaning those under the Banking Act, including foreign banks in Japan), shinkin banks (only shinkin banks with deposit balances of over 160 billion yen), and the Norinchukin Bank.

Reserve ratios were first set for each financial institution in September 1959, and the scope of covered financial institutions and debt was expanded by an amendment to the law in 1972.

However, as lending by commercial banks and other institutions decreased due to the collapse of the bubble economy in the 1990s and the Heisei recession, financial system instability increased, and an increasing number of commercial banks and other institutions found it difficult to raise funds from the interbank market (interbank transaction market). As a result, the Bank of Japan implemented quantitative easing in 2001. This policy set the amount of current account deposits, etc., that commercial banks and other institutions deposit with the Bank of Japan as a policy target, so that current account deposits, etc., deposited with the Bank of Japan (deposits that exceed the legal reserve amount are called "excess reserves") always increase beyond the statutory reserve amount (the minimum amount based on the reserve ratio). This effectively makes the manipulation of the reserve ratio ineffective. In addition, with the development of the short-term money market, currently major developed countries, including Japan, do not implement monetary policies that utilize the reserve requirement system, and Japan's reserve ratio has not been changed since October 1991.

[Sadao Ishida and Takuo Maeda, September 16, 2016]

[References] | Monetary policy | Reserve requirement manipulation | Excess reserves | Bank of Japan current account | Statutory reserves | Quantitative easing

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

1957年(昭和32)制定の「準備預金制度に関する法律」(昭和32年法律第135号)に基づいて、市中銀行等の預金等の一定割合(準備率)を日本銀行に強制的に預け入れさせる制度。その準備率を上下に操作し、市中銀行等の貸出等による資金運用に影響を与えることを通じて、通貨量を調整することで金融緩和・引締めを行う、金融政策の一手段とされる。現行準備預金制度における対象の市中銀行等は、銀行(銀行法によるものをいい、在日外国銀行を含む)、信用金庫(預金残高1600億円超の信用金庫のみ)、農林中央金庫となっている。

 1959年9月に初めて各金融機関に対して準備率が設定され、1972年の同法改正によって対象となる金融機関・債務の範囲が拡大された。

 ところが、1990年代のバブル経済の崩壊と平成不況によって、市中銀行等の貸出が減少するなか、金融システム不安も高まり、インターバンク市場(銀行間取引市場)から資金を調達することが困難になる市中銀行等が増加したことから、日本銀行は2001年(平成13)から量的金融緩和を実施した。この政策では、市中銀行等が日本銀行に預ける日銀当座預金等の量を政策目標にすることから、つねに法定準備預金額(準備率による最低金額)を超えて日本銀行に預ける当座預金等(法定準備預金額を超えた預金を「超過準備」という)が増加することになる。そのため、事実上、準備率の操作が無効になる。加えて、短期金融市場の発展に伴い、現在、日本を含む先進主要国では準備預金制度を利用した金融政策は行われておらず、日本の準備率についても、1991年(平成3)10月を最後に変更されていない。

[石田定夫・前田拓生 2016年9月16日]

[参照項目] | 金融政策 | 支払準備率操作 | 超過準備 | 日銀当座預金 | 法定準備預金 | 量的緩和

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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